Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, shrubs, or subshrubs, unarmed; usually from taproots or woody crowns, rarely rhizomes. Cotyledons usually deciduous, usually petiolate. Stems erect to decumbent or prostrate, branched or unbranched, usually pubescent, sometimes glabrous. Leaves alternate, usually palmately compound, rarely 3-foliolate or unifoliolate, usually cauline, sometimes crowded near base or basal; stipules present, setaceous, adnate to petiole; petiolate; leaflets (1 or 3)4–11(–17), stipels absent, blade margins entire, surfaces glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescences 3–100+-flowered, terminal, racemes, erect, rarely axillary and reduced to 1 or 2 flowers, flowers spirally arranged or whorled; bracts present, persistent or deciduous. Flowers papilionaceous, chasmogamous; calyx bilabiate, lobes connate, entire or toothed, usually with appendages (often inconspicuous) between lobes; corolla usually blue to purple, sometimes white, yellow, pink or rose; banner with central groove, sides reflexed; wings connivent at tips, corrugated; keel usually attenuate; stamens 10, monadelphous; anthers basifixed, dimorphic, alternately long on short filaments, short on long filaments; style brushy. Fruits legumes, sessile, straight, laterally compressed, usually oblong, splitting along both margins, valves usually twisted after dehiscence, usually pubescent, rarely glabrous. Seeds (1 or)2–12, usually smooth, rarely ridged or tuberculate, spheric, lentiform, or angulate. x = 6.

Distribution

North America, Mexico, South America, Europe (Mediterranean), Africa, introduced in Asia (China), s Africa, Atlantic Islands (Iceland), Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia.

Discussion

Species ca. 270 (88 in the flora).

Most species of Lupinus occur in western North America and western South America. C. P. Smith (1944, 1938–1953) assigned North American lupines to subg. Lupinus and subg. Platycarpos S. Watson based on cotyledon structure (sessile versus petiolate) and 22 groups based on life span, flower arrangement, keel ciliation, and banner and wing pubescence, as well as some vegetative features.

The taxonomy of Lupinus is complicated. Thousands of names have been coined for lupines; circumscription is difficult, made problematic by the vast number of species recognized, then lumped and split in various ways by different taxonomists. Some authors (for example, D. B. Dunn 1955, 1959) discussed widespread hybridization in the genus. Some studies have indicated that gene flow and introgression through outcrossing in perennial species does occur (A. Liston et al. 1995). Perennial species have shown a preponderance of interbreeding groups that have resulted in gradients of characters.

Self-pollination is known to occur in annual species of Lupinus, which has resulted in the establishment of localized variants that have been recognized as distinct species. For example, L. affinis, L. guadalupensis, and L. spectabilis could easily be regarded as localized variants of L. nanus.

Phylogenetic analyses of molecular data for Lupinus included 50 North American species (C. S. Drummond et al. 2012). The species were assigned to three infrageneric lineages. One lineage included two species from Florida that have unifoliate leaves and 2n = 52. The second lineage included two 2n = 36 annual species from Texas that corresponds to group Subcarnosi sensu Smith. The third lineage included 44 species of western North American annuals and perennials having 2n = 48. This lineage comprised two sister clades: one clade of seven species with sessile cotyledons that corresponds to subg. Platycarpos, and a second clade of 37 species with petiolate cotyledons. Within the second clade, annual species are sister to the derived perennials (24 species) which have colonized and diversified in montane habitats. While these studies provide insight into the evolution and biogeography of Lupinus, they have not resulted in a phylogenetic classification, and have not clarified relationships among the western North American taxa.

Many species of Lupinus contain alkaloids, especially in their seeds, fruits, and young leaves, that are toxic to livestock, especially sheep (G. Boschin and D. Resta 2013). These include L. arboreus, L. latifolius, and L. leucophyllus (M. Wink et al. 1995).

Lupinus albus Linnaeus and L. luteus Linnaeus, both European species that are sometimes cultivated, were each collected once as waifs in Florida. Lupinus angustifolius Linnaeus, another European species that is sometimes cultivated, has been collected as a waif in British Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maine, and South Carolina.

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

Lupinus adsurgens, Lupinus affinis, Lupinus albicaulis, Lupinus albifrons, Lupinus andersonii, Lupinus angustiflorus, Lupinus antoninus, Lupinus apertus, Lupinus arboreus, Lupinus arbustus, Lupinus arcticus, Lupinus argenteus, Lupinus arizonicus, Lupinus benthamii, Lupinus bicolor, Lupinus brevicaulis, Lupinus breweri, Lupinus cervinus, Lupinus chamissonis, Lupinus citrinus, Lupinus concinnus, Lupinus constancei, Lupinus covillei, Lupinus croceus, Lupinus dalesiae, Lupinus diffusus, Lupinus duranii, Lupinus elatus, Lupinus elmeri, Lupinus excubitus, Lupinus flavoculatus, Lupinus formosus, Lupinus fulcratus, Lupinus gracilentus, Lupinus grayi, Lupinus guadalupensis, Lupinus havardii, Lupinus hirsutissimus, Lupinus huachucanus, Lupinus hyacinthinus, Lupinus kingii, Lupinus kuschei, Lupinus lapidicola, Lupinus latifolius, Lupinus lepidus, Lupinus leucophyllus, Lupinus littoralis, Lupinus longifolius, Lupinus ludovicianus, Lupinus luteolus, Lupinus magnificus, Lupinus malacophyllus, Lupinus microcarpus, Lupinus nanus, Lupinus neomexicanus, Lupinus nevadensis, Lupinus nipomensis, Lupinus nootkatensis, Lupinus obtusilobus, Lupinus odoratus, Lupinus onustus, Lupinus oreganus, Lupinus pachylobus, Lupinus padrecrowleyi, Lupinus peirsonii, Lupinus perennis, Lupinus polyphyllus, Lupinus pratensis, Lupinus pusillus, Lupinus rivularis, Lupinus sabineanus, Lupinus sericatus, Lupinus sericeus, Lupinus shockleyi, Lupinus sierrae-blancae, Lupinus sparsiflorus, Lupinus spectabilis, Lupinus stiversii, Lupinus subcarnosus, Lupinus succulentus, Lupinus sulphureus, Lupinus texensis, Lupinus tidestromii, Lupinus tracyi, Lupinus truncatus, Lupinus uncialis, Lupinus villosus, Lupinus westianus

Key

1	Leaves appearing simple, unifoliolate.	> 2
2	Stipules 9–15 mm (occurring only on very new growth, abortive or early deciduous).	Lupinus westianus
2	Stipules 20–150 mm.	> 3
3	Banner spot white to cream, corollas light to deep blue, limb centrally white at base.	Lupinus diffusus
3	Banner spot maroon, corollas lilac to reddish purple or pink.	Lupinus villosus
1	Leaves palmately compound.	> 4
4	Herbs annual.	> 5
5	Cotyledons sessile, connate into a persistent disc or cup (if deciduous, leaving a circular scar); legumes usually ovoid, sometimes oblong; seeds 1 or 2(–6), usually tuberculate, ridged, or wrinkled, sometimes smooth.	> 6
6	Flowers in crowded or widely spaced whorls; bracts reflexed; upper keel margins ciliate near claw.	> 7
7	Stems hard, rigid; lower keel margins as densely ciliate as upper; leaflets usually pubescent adaxially, rarely glabrous; seeds dark brown, tuber­culate.	Lupinus luteolus
7	Stems hollow at least near base; lower keel margins not as densely ciliate as upper or glabrous; leaflets glabrous adaxially; seeds usually mottled, ridged or smooth.	Lupinus microcarpus
6	Flowers usually spirally arranged or 1 or 2 (except L. malacophyllus crowded with proximal ones whorled becoming spirally arranged distally); bracts straight; keel margins glabrous.	> 8
8	Leaves basal; herbage usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely pubescent when young, rarely at anthesis; pedicels 3–5 mm.	Lupinus odoratus
8	Leaves cauline (often crowded near base); herbage sparsely pubescent to canescent or pilose; pedicles 0.5–3(–4) mm.	> 9
9	Racemes (1 or)2-flowered, axillary; free blades of stipules reduced, ca. 1 mm; leaflets 2–7 mm.	Lupinus uncialis
9	Racemes several–many-flowered, terminal; free blades of stipules well developed; leaflets 7–30 mm.	> 10
10	Herbage canescent, hairs 0.6–1 mm; legumes undulate, sides with short inflated hairs becoming scaly when dry.	Lupinus shockleyi
10	Herbage hairs appressed or spreading, more than 1 mm; legumes not obviously undulate, thinly pilose to coarsely hirsute.	> 11
11	Adaxial calyx lobe more than 1/2 as long as abaxial.	Lupinus kingii
11	Adaxial calyx lobe less than 1/2 as long as abaxial.	> 12
12	Proximalmost flowers whorled, becoming spirally arranged distally; w Nevada.	Lupinus malacophyllus
12	All flowers spirally arranged; Kansas westward to California (L. pusillus extending into Alberta and Saskatchewan).	> 13
13	Pedicels 0.3–1.5 mm; racemes dense; seeds smooth.	Lupinus brevicaulis
13	Pedicels to 3 mm; racemes usually elongate; seeds wrinkled or ridged.	> 14
14	Leaves crowded near base; legumes ovoid, adaxial margin not constricted between seeds.	Lupinus flavoculatus
14	Leaves well distributed along stems; legumes oblong, adaxial margin constricted between seeds.	Lupinus pusillus
5	Cotyledons petiolate, usually withering and deciduous; legumes oblong; seeds usually more than 2, smooth.	> 15
15	Lower (and often upper) keel margins ciliate near claw, glabrous near apex.	> 16
16	Flowers distinctly whorled; corollas usually blue-purple, rarely white, lavender, or pink.	Lupinus succulentus
16	Flowers spirally arranged; corollas yellow, white, pink to magenta, or blue to purple.	> 17
17	Racemes shorter than peduncles; banners yellow, wings usually pink, rarely white, keel petals white.	Lupinus stiversii
17	Racemes longer than peduncles; corollas usually yellow, white, dark pink, blue, or magenta, rarely pinkish.	> 18
18	Corollas golden yellow or white; pedicels becoming recurved.	Lupinus citrinus
18	Corollas usually blue or dark pink to magenta, rarely pinkish; pedicels not recurved.	> 19
19	Herbage with appressed, stiff, stinging hairs; leaflets 10–20 mm wide.	Lupinus hirsutissimus
19	Herbage without appressed, stiff, stinging hairs; leaflets 1.5–10 mm wide.	> 20
20	Petioles flat, leafletlike; keel stout, blunt, upper margins ciliate from claw to middle.	Lupinus truncatus
20	Petioles not flat or leafletlike; keel pointed, upper margins usually glabrous (except L. sparsiflorus often ciliate near claw).	> 21
21	Pedicels 5–9 mm; bracts 10–15 mm, longer than buds.	Lupinus benthamii
21	Pedicels 2–4 mm; bracts 3–8 mm, shorter than to slightly longer than buds.	> 22
22	Leaflets 5–10 mm wide, glabrous adaxially; corollas dark pink to magenta.	Lupinus arizonicus
22	Leaflets 2–4 mm wide, pubescent adaxially at least near margins; corollas usually blue, rarely pinkish.	Lupinus sparsiflorus
15	Lower and upper keel margins glabrous near claw, upper margins ciliate near apex, or glabrous.	> 23
23	Flowers spirally arranged; keel margins glabrous.	> 24
24	Primary peduncles and lateral branches decumbent; coastal dunes in San Luis Obispo County, California.	Lupinus nipomensis
24	Primary peduncles erect, lateral branches sometimes tufted or spreading; Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah.	> 25
25	Pubescence of stems and petioles spreading; leaflets pubescent; Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah.	Lupinus concinnus
25	Pubescence of stems and petioles mostly appressed or ascending; leaflets sparsely pubescent or glabrous adaxially; Florida, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas.	> 26
26	Racemes 18–45 cm; trans-Pecos Texas.	Lupinus havardii
26	Racemes 2–12 cm; Florida, Louisiana, Oklahoma, c, e, s Texas.	> 27
27	Wing petals inflated; corollas pale blue-violet; calyx hairs becoming yellowish gray or brown on dried material; legumes yellowish gray- or brown-villous; Texas.	Lupinus subcarnosus
27	Wing petals flat; corollas usually dark blue, rarely white; calyx hairs silvery; legumes white silky-villous; Florida, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas.	Lupinus texensis
23	Flowers whorled at some or all nodes; upper keel margins usually ciliate near apex (except L. pachylobus glabrous).	> 28
28	Banners longer than wide; pedicels 1–3.5 mm.	> 29
29	Legumes usually less than 0.6 cm wide; upper keel margins usually ciliate near apex; Arizona, British Columbia, California, Oregon, Washington.	Lupinus bicolor
29	Legumes 0.6–0.9 cm wide; upper keel margins glabrous; California, Washington.	Lupinus pachylobus
28	Banners wider than or equaling length; pedicels 2.5–8 mm.	> 30
30	Upper keel margins with a tooth near middle.	Lupinus affinis
30	Upper keel margins without a tooth.	> 31
31	Legumes less than 0.7 cm wide.	Lupinus nanus
31	Legumes 0.8–1 cm wide.	> 32
32	Pedicels 4–5 mm; herbage sparsely pubescent; San Clemente Island, California.	Lupinus guadalupensis
32	Pedicels 6–8 mm; herbage densely hairy; central Sierra Nevada foothills, California.	Lupinus spectabilis
4	Herbs or shrubs, usually perennial, rarely biennial.	> 33
33	Rhizomes present, patch forming; east of Rocky Mountains.	Lupinus perennis
33	Rhizomes usually not present, or if present (L. formosus) then west of Rocky Mountains.	> 34
34	Upper keel margins ciliate near claw or only from claw to middle (glabrous middle to tip).	> 35
35	Herbs annual, sometimes persisting, fleshy; racemes 15–25 cm; legumes.	> 3
3	5–5 cm; plants of open or disturbed areas, roadbanks.	Lupinus succulentus
35	Herbs perennial, not fleshy; racemes 16–60 cm; legumes 2–4.5 cm; plants of moist areas, open woodlands.	Lupinus latifolius
34	Upper keel margins usually glabrous or ciliate throughout, or ciliate from middle to tip.	> 36
36	Calyx spur 1–3 mm.	> 37
37	Wings with dense hair patch outside near tip; leaflets strigose adaxially.	Lupinus arbustus
37	Wings glabrous; leaflets glabrous or hairy (but not strigose) adaxially.	Lupinus argenteus
36	Calyx not spurred or bulge or spur 0–1 mm.	> 38
38	Banners usually hairy abaxially (except usually glabrous in L. pratensis and L. sulphureus, best seen in bud).	> 39
39	Upper keel margins ± glabrous.	> 40
40	Subshrubs or shrubs, matted, 2–4 dm.	Lupinus albifrons
40	Shrubs or herbs, not matted, (2–)4–20 dm.	> 41
41	Shrubs; plants of coastal strands, dunes.	Lupinus chamissonis
41	Perennial herbs; plants of volcanic or dry soils, pine forests, Great Basin or riparian scrub, coniferous forests.	> 42
42	Adaxial surface of leaflets glabrous or pubescent and green.	> 43
43	Corollas usually pale yellow to orange-yellow, some­times white; bracts ± persistent.	Lupinus angustiflorus
43	Corollas usually purple, sometimes pink or white; bracts deciduous.	Lupinus apertus
42	Adaxial surface of leaflets tomentose, pubescent, or vil­lous, hairs silvery.	> 44
44	Corollas usually yellow; herbs 2–5 dm.	Lupinus dalesiae
44	Corollas creamy yellow to pale yellow, or lavender to blue; herbs 5–9 dm.	> 45
45	Corollas lavender to blue; stem hairs short-silky; elevation 1500–3000 m.	Lupinus elatus
45	Corollas creamy yellow to pale yellow; stems long-villous; elevation 2500–4000 m.	Lupinus padrecrowleyi
39	Upper keel margins usually ciliate.	> 46
46	Subshrubs or shrubs.	> 47
47	Raceme rachises deciduous, 8–30 cm; petioles 2–4 cm; chaparral, foothill wood­lands, cismontane California; 0–1500 m.	Lupinus albifrons
47	Raceme rachises persistent, 10–70 cm; petioles 4–10 cm; deserts, transmontane California; (700–)1200–2700 m.	Lupinus excubitus
46	Perennial herbs (sometimes subshrubs in L. breweri).	> 48
48	Leaflets 10–30 mm wide.	> 49
49	Corollas yellow; San Gabriel Mountains, California.	Lupinus peirsonii
49	Corollas usually ± purple to violet or light blue, rarely pink or pale yellow; British Columbia to San Luis Obispo County, California, eastward to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado.	> 50
50	Bracts persistent; British Columbia to Klamath Ranges and Modoc Plateau, California, eastward to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado.	Lupinus leucophyllus
50	Bracts deciduous; Inner North Coast Ranges and Santa Lucia Mountains, California.	> 51
51	Peduncles 13–20 cm; leaflets long spreading-hairy; corollas light blue, pink, or pale yellow; Santa Lucia Mountains, California.	Lupinus cervinus
51	Peduncles 8–15 cm; leaflets densely silky; corollas purple to violet; Inner North Coast Ranges, California.	Lupinus sericatus
48	Leaflets 2–10(–17) mm wide.	> 52
52	Herbs to 2 dm.	> 53
53	Flowers in dense, crowded whorls; elevation 2000–3500 m.	Lupinus breweri
53	Flowers in few, separated whorls; elevation 1500–3000 m.	Lupinus lapidicola
52	Herbs or subshrubs 1–10(–15) dm.	> 54
54	Basal and cauline leaves present at flowering.	> 55
55	Bracts persistent; leaflets 30–80(–130) mm, pubescent adaxially.	> 56
56	Leaflets silvery.	Lupinus leucophyllus
56	Leaflets green.	Lupinus pratensis
55	Bracts deciduous or tardily deciduous; leaflets 10–35(–60) mm, glabrous or pubescent adaxially.	> 57
57	Corollas pale sulfur yellow, blue, or white.	Lupinus sulphureus
57	Corollas usually deep purple to light blue, sometimes violet, pink, or white, banner patch yellow to cream or absent.	> 58
58	Flowers (6–)9–12(–14) mm; herbs 2.5–4 dm; stems erect or ascending, clustered; proximal petioles (5–)7–9(–15) cm; leaf­let hairs silky hairy, not tomentose or woolly.	Lupinus argenteus
58	Flowers 10–16 mm; herbs 2–3.5 dm; stems prostrate to mat­ted; petioles 5–12 cm; leaflet hairs ± spreading, dense, tomen­tose to woolly.	Lupinus grayi
54	Basal leaves absent at flowering or, when present, then petioles less than 3 times as long as leaflets.	> 59
59	Banners not much reflexed-recurved beyond midpoint, this less than 3 mm proximal to apex; pedicels 1–2.5 mm.	Lupinus argenteus
59	Banners well reflexed-recurved at or proximal to midpoint, this 3.5–6 mm proximal to apex; pedicels 2–8 mm.	> 60
60	Herbs 1.5–3 dm; leaves cauline; leaflets 20–50 mm, silvery-silky adaxially.	Lupinus obtusilobus
60	Herbs 2–10 dm; leaves cauline and sometimes clustered at base; leaflets 15–60(–90) mm, silky-villous or tomentose to woolly adaxially.	> 61
61	Leaflets tomentose to woolly, hairs ± spreading, dense; flowers 10–15 mm; corollas bluish to purple; banner glabrous or hairy abaxially.	Lupinus ludovicianus
61	Leaflets usually silky; flowers 8–14(–18) mm; corollas pale purple to bright blue, sometimes yellowish or whitish; banner silky-hairy abaxially.	Lupinus sericeus
38	Banner usually glabrous abaxially (hairy in some varieties of L. albifrons, L. argenteus).	> 62
62	Subshrubs or shrubs.	> 63
63	Petioles greater than 3 cm; plants usually inland in California, Oregon.	> 64
64	Subshrubs or shrubs; stems decumbent to prostrate-ascending.	Lupinus albifrons
64	Shrubs; stems erect.	Lupinus longifolius
63	Petioles often 3 cm or less, rarely to 6 cm; plants of coastal bluffs, dunes, beaches in British Columbia, California, Oregon, Washington.	> 65
65	Shrubs, usually 5–20 dm; stems ascending or erect; immediate coast and more inland.	Lupinus arboreus
65	Subshrubs, 2–5 dm; stems prostrate to decumbent; immediate coast.	Lupinus littoralis
62	Perennial herbs, rarely woody at base.	> 66
66	Leaflets glabrous or sparsely hairy adaxially, appearing green.	> 67
67	Upper keel margins glabrous.	> 68
68	Corollas pale or bright yellow to orange-yellow; California.	> 69
69	Bracts 2–7 mm; herbs 4–6 dm; corollas bright yellow to orange-yellow.	Lupinus croceus
69	Bracts 7–14 mm; herbs 6–9 dm; corollas pale yellow.	Lupinus elmeri
68	Corollas blue to purple, violet, lavender, pink, or white (may fade pale yellow to white in L. tracyi); widely distributed, including California.	> 70
70	Leaves basal and cauline.	> 71
71	Banners distinctly ruffled, markedly concave on lateral face; keel margins glabrous.	Lupinus oreganus
71	Banners smooth, not ruffled; keel margins ciliate.	Lupinus polyphyllus
70	Leaves cauline.	> 72
72	Flowers (11–)15–21 mm; Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.	Lupinus nootkatensis
72	Flowers 8–10(–12) mm; California and Oregon.	Lupinus tracyi
67	Upper keel margins ciliate (sometimes sparsely so in L. onustus).	> 73
73	Herbs greater than 3.5 dm; leaves all cauline, no leaves clustered at base.	> 74
74	Leaflets long-villous abaxially, glabrous or glabrate adaxially; pet­ioles 2–10 cm; flowers (11–)15–21 mm; Alaska, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador (Newfoundland), Nova Scotia.	Lupinus nootkatensis
74	Leaflets glabrous or partly glabrate; petioles 3–5 cm; flowers 12–16 mm; California to British Columbia 12–16 mm; California to British Columbia.	Lupinus rivularis
73	Herbs less than 3.5 dm; leaves basal and cauline, or cauline and clustered near base.	> 75
75	Herbs rhizomatous (from slender, underground rootstock); flowers 8–11 mm, bracts 3–4 mm; leaflets silky-hairy abaxially; California, s Oregon.	Lupinus onustus
75	Herbs not rhizomatous; flowers 9–20 mm; bracts (3–)4–14 mm; leaflets hairy abaxially but not silky-hairy; Alaska to Nunavut, southward to California, eastward to New Mexico.	> 76
76	Caudices subterranean; divisions rhizomelike; Colorado, n New Mexico, Utah.	Lupinus polyphyllus
76	Caudices superficial; divisions closely tufted; Alaska to Nunavut, southward to California, eastward to Colorado.	> 77
77	Largest leaflets 35–110 mm.	Lupinus polyphyllus
77	Largest leaflets 10–40(–50) mm.	> 78
78	Herbs 1–4 dm; Alaska and Canada.	Lupinus arcticus
78	Herbs (2–)3–6.5 dm; Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington.	Lupinus polyphyllus
66	Leaflets hairy, appearing greenish gray to silver adaxially.	> 79
79	Bracts usually persistent; racemes usually dense (except L. covillei loose, spirally arranged, sometimes whorled).	> 80
80	Leaflets 5–40 mm.	Lupinus lepidus
80	Leaflets (30–)40–110(–130) mm.	> 81
81	Leaves all cauline, leaflets villous, hairs greater than 1 mm; racemes loose (flowers whorled or spirally arranged); corollas light blue.	Lupinus covillei
81	Leaves basal and cauline, leaflets strigose, hairs less than 1 mm; racemes dense; corollas violet to dark blue.	Lupinus pratensis
79	Bracts usually ± deciduous (except L. covillei and L. kuschei); racemes ± open (spirally arranged or whorled).	> 82
82	Upper keel margins usually glabrous, sometimes ciliate.	> 83
83	Herbs or subshrubs, 0.5–2 dm; flowers 4–11 mm; keel ± straight.	> 84
84	Petioles 1–3(–4) cm; stems prostrate, forming mats; stipules 2–5 mm; pedicels 1–3(–4) mm; plants of subalpine to alpine montane forests; California, Nevada, Oregon.	Lupinus breweri
84	Petioles (2–)3–6(–8) cm; stems forming robust, dense tufts; stipules 6–11 mm; pedicels (2–)4–5 mm; plants of pumice gravel flats; California (Mono County).	Lupinus duranii
83	Herbs, (1.5–)2–15 dm; flowers (8–)9–18 mm; keel usually upcurved.	> 85
85	Stipules usually leaflike, lanceolate, green.	Lupinus fulcratus
85	Stipules not leaflike, setaceous, green to silvery.	> 86
86	Corollas usually yellow to orange-yellow, rarely lavender or violet.	> 87
87	Flowers 9–12 mm; corollas pale yellowish to lavender or violet; California, Oregon.	Lupinus adsurgens
87	Flowers 12–15 mm; corollas bright yellow to orange-yellow; California.	Lupinus croceus
86	Corollas usually blue, lavender, violet, purple, pink, rarely white or yellowish.	> 88
88	Leaves basal and cauline; plants of moist or wet places.	> 89
89	Flowers 10–13 mm; plants of sand dunes, roadsides, sandy woods; s Alaska to n British Columbia.	Lupinus kuschei
89	Flowers 9–15 mm; plants of moist to wet places; California.	Lupinus polyphyllus
88	Leaves cauline; plants of dry places.	> 90
90	Banners narrow, wings narrow, not covering keel tip.	Lupinus albicaulis
90	Banners ovate, wings wide, covering keel tip.	> 91
91	Leaflet blades green, sparsely to densely hairy.	> 92
92	Flowers 9–12 mm; California, Nevada, Oregon.	Lupinus andersonii
92	Flowers 13–16 mm; California.	Lupinus hyacinthinus
91	Leaflet blades gray-hairy to silvery-silky.	> 93
93	Herbs rhizomatous; plants usually of valleys, grass­lands; elevation 0–1500 m.	Lupinus formosus
93	Herbs not rhizomatous; plants of mountains, forests; 500–3500 m.	> 94
94	Corollas white with banner patch turning tawny; seeds 7–11 mm; California (Anthony Peak, Mendocino County).	Lupinus antoninus
94	Corollas pale yellowish to lavender or violet and banner patch yellow to white, or lavender to blue and banner patch pale yellowish; seeds 4–6 mm; California, Oregon.	> 95
95	Leaflet blade adaxial surfaces appressed hairy to ± silky to dull green; bracts 2–8 mm; flowers 9–12 mm; corollas pale yellow to lavender or violet; California, Oregon.	Lupinus adsurgens
95	Leaflets blade adaxial surfaces densely silver-silky to woolly; bracts 6–11 mm; flowers 10–14 mm; corollas lavender to blue; California.	Lupinus elatus
82	Upper keel margins ciliate.	> 96
96	Herbs 0.1–3.5(–5) dm; stems usually ± prostrate to decumbent, rarely ascending.	> 97
97	Corollas pink; California (Humboldt and Trinity counties).	Lupinus constancei
97	Corollas purple, ± violet, lavender, rose, light blue, yellow, or white; Arizona, British Columbia, California.	> 98
98	Leaves cauline.	> 99
99	Leaflets 5–9; stems not weak; British Columbia to California.	Lupinus littoralis
99	Leaflets 3–5; stems weak; California (Marin, Monterey, Sonoma counties).	Lupinus tidestromii
98	Leaves usually basal (if cauline, then clustered near base).	> 100
100	Racemes 2–7 cm; banners ± pubescent adaxially.	Lupinus lapidicola
100	Racemes 10–23 cm; banners glabrous adaxially.	> 101
101	Racemes 10–16 cm; flowers 10–16 mm; leaflets tomentose-woolly; California.	Lupinus grayi
101	Racemes 6–23 cm; flowers 7–13 mm; leaflets villous-hirsute with long, spreading hairs; Arizona.	Lupinus huachucanus
96	Herbs (1–)2–15 dm; stems usually erect, ascending, or spreading, rarely decumbent.	> 102
102	Leaflets densely tomentose or woolly.	> 103
103	Stem hairs less than 1 mm, not sharp or stiff; petioles 5–12 cm; flowers 10–15 mm; California (San Louis Obispo County).	Lupinus ludovicianus
103	Some stem hairs 1–3 mm, sharp, stiff; petioles 6–30 cm; flowers 10–18 mm; California.	Lupinus magnificus
102	Leaflets sometimes densely hairy but not woolly.	> 104
104	Leaves clustered at or near base.	> 105
105	Corollas yellow.	Lupinus peirsonii
105	Corollas light blue, pink, pale yellow, purple, or violet.	> 106
106	Peduncles 13–20 cm; corollas light blue, pink, or pale yellow (often drying straw-colored).	Lupinus cervinus
106	Peduncles 8–15 cm; corollas purple to violet.	Lupinus sericatus
104	Some leaves cauline, spread along stems.	> 107
107	Flowers 5–8 mm.	Lupinus argenteus
107	Flowers 8–18 mm.	> 108
108	Leaflets 10–50 mm.	> 109
109	Herbs 1–4 dm; flowers 10–12 mm; California, Nevada, Oregon.	Lupinus nevadensis
109	Herbs 4–10 dm; flowers 12–15 mm; British Columbia to Alberta, southward to California, eastward to Utah and New Mexico.	> 110
110	Legumes 2 cm wide; Arizona, New Mexico.	Lupinus neomexicanus
110	Legumes 0.7–1 cm wide; British Columbia to Alberta, southward to California, ne Nevada, s Utah.	Lupinus polyphyllus
108	Leaflets 30–120(–150) mm.	> 111
111	Corollas usually bright yellow, rarely pale purple.	Lupinus sabineanus
111	Corollas blue.	> 112
112	Herbs strigose to shaggy-pubescent; leaves yellow-green, leaflets 5–11 mm wide; proximal petioles 5–10 cm; bracts 7–15 mm, persistent; California.	Lupinus covillei
112	Herbs puberulent or hairy; leaves green; bracts 4–10 mm, semideciduous; California, New Mexico.	> 113
113	Leaflets 2–5 mm wide; proximal petioles (3–)5–14 cm; California (Rock Creek to Yosemite National Park).	Lupinus gracilentus
113	Leaflets 5–13 mm wide; proximal petioles 5–7 cm; New Mexico (Sacramento and White mountains).	Lupinus sierrae-blancae