Moraceae

Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, deciduous or evergreen, frequently with milky sap. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite or whorled), simple; stipules present, persistent or caducous; petiole adaxially grooved. Leaf blade: margins entire, toothed, or lobed; venation pinnate or with 3-5 basal palmate veins; cystoliths often present in epidermal cells. Inflorescences racemes, cymes, or capitula. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different plants, small, occasionally on flattened torus, more often enclosed within fleshy, flask-shaped receptacle (syconium); sepals 2-6, distinct or partly connate (vestigial in Brosimum). Staminate flowers: stamens equal in number to sepals or calyx lobes and opposite them, straight or inflexed; anthers 1-2-locular. Pistillate flowers: sepals or calyx lobes 4, ± connate; pistils 1, 1-2-carpellate; ovary 1, superior or inferior, 1(-2)-locular; ovules 1 per locule; styles or style branches 1-2; stigmas 1-2, entire. Fruits multiple (syncarps); individual achenes or drupelets partly or completely enclosed by enlarged common receptacle or by individual calyces.

Distribution

Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less common in temperate areas.

Discussion

Genera ca. 40, species nearly 1100 (7 genera, 18 species in the flora).

Members of the large and diverse mulberry family are mainly woody and tropical; they are most abundant in Asia. The largest genera are Ficus, with approximately 750 species, and Dorstenia, with about 170 species. The family includes important timber trees, e.g., Chlorophora excelsa (Welwitsch) Bentham, iroko, from tropical Africa; Brosimum guianense (Aublet) Huber, letterwood, snakewood; and Ficus spp. Genera with species bearing edible fruits include the mulberries, Morus spp.; breadfruit and jackfruit, e.g., Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg and A. heterophyllus Lamarck; and figs, Ficus spp. Several species of Ficus are commonly cultivated in subtropical regions of the United States. These include F. carica Linnaeus; F. elastica Roxburgh ex Hornemann, India rubber plant; F. benghalensis Linnaeus, banyan; F. benjamina Linnaeus, weeping fig; F. pumila Linnaeus, creeping fig; and F. microcarpa Linnaeus f., Indian-laurel.

Rubber plants and weeping figs are commonly sold as houseplants. Economically, the most important species are those associated with the silk trade. Morus alba Linnaeus, M. indica Linnaeus, M. laevigata Wallis, and M. serrata Roxburgh, cultivated in many temperate and tropical countries, provide the natural food source for the silkworm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus.

Cudrania tricuspidata (Carrière) Bureau ex Lavallée, used as a food source for silkworms when Morus spp. are in short supply, is cultivated in North America as a hedge plant. The fruit is edible. Native to Korea and China, C. tricuspidata is known from a collection made in 1956 in McIntosh County, Georgia (S. B. Jones Jr. and N. C. Coile 1988), and it is naturalized in Orange County, North Carolina (R. D. Whetstone, pers. comm.).

Selected References

Engler, H. G. A. 1888b. Moraceae. In: H. G. A. Engler and K. Prantl, eds. 1887-1915. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.... 254 fasc. Leipzig. Fasc. 18[III,1], pp. 66-96.

Rohwer, J. G. 1993b. Moraceae. In: K. Kubutzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 2+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 2, pp. 438-453.

Tomlinson, P. B. 1980. The Biology of Trees Native to Tropical Florida. Allston, Mass.

Lower Taxa

Brosimum, Broussonetia, Dorstenia, Fatoua, Ficus, Maclura, Morus

Illustrations

	Family ⠉	Taxon	Illustrator ⠉
	Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae	Morus rubra Broussonetia papyrifera Fatoua villosa	John Myers John Myers John Myers
	Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae	Dorstenia contrajerva Brosimum alicastrum Maclura pomifera	John Myers John Myers John Myers
	Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae	Ficus benjamina Ficus microcarpa Ficus benghalensis Ficus carica Ficus aurea	John Myers John Myers John Myers John Myers John Myers

Key

1	Herbs.	> 2
1	Trees, shrubs, or vines.	> 3
2	Plants lacking evident aerial stems, rhizomatous, perennial; inflorescences axillary, long-pedunculate.	Dorstenia
2	Plants caulescent, taprooted, annual; inflorescences axillary, short-pedunculate.	Fatoua
3	Flowers all borne on inside of syconium; terminal vegetative bud surrounded by pair of stipules.	Ficus
3	Flowers not borne on inside of syconium or only a solitary female flower immersed in receptacle; terminal vegetative bud scaly, not surrounded by pair of stipules.	> 4
4	Margins of leaf blade toothed, often lobed; venation appearing palmate, or weakly 3-veined from base.	> 5
4	Margins of leaf blade entire, never lobed; venation pinnate.	> 6
5	Pistillate inflorescences globose; styles unbranched.	Broussonetia
5	Pistillate inflorescences cylindric; styles 2-branched.	Morus
6	Leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, not leathery; trees deciduous; syncarps 8-12 cm diam.	Maclura
6	Leaf blade oblong, leathery; trees evergreen; syncarps 1.5 cm diam.	Brosimum