View source for Viola arvensis

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Viola arvensis
|accepted_authority=Murray
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Prodr. Stirp. Gott.,
|place=73. 1770
|year=1770
}}
|common_names=Field or wild pansy;European field pansy;violette des champs
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=I
|label=Introduced
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Mnemion arvense
|authority=(Murray) Nieuwland & Kaczmarek
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Viola tricolor var. arvensis
|authority=(Murray) de Candolle
|rank=variety
}}
|hierarchy=Violaceae;Viola;Viola arvensis
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Violaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Viola]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Viola arvensis]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 6
|mention_page=page 111, 113, 114, 116, 160
|treatment_page=page 121
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–35 cm. <b>Stems</b> 1–5, usually erect, sometimes prostrate or decumbent, branched, subglabrous or puberulent, clustered on taproot. <b>Leaves</b> cauline; stipules palmately lobed, middle lobe oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, ± equaling leaf blade, proximal lobes dissected, shorter, margins ciliate, apex acute to obtuse; petiole 0.5–2.3 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade: proximal ovate to ± oblong, distal narrowly or broadly lanceolate, 0.8–3.4 × 0.3–1.9 cm, base attenuate to ± truncate, margins coarsely crenate-serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces pubescent abaxially, at least on major veins, glabrous adaxially. <b>Peduncles</b> 2–8 cm, glabrous or pubescent. <b>Flowers</b>: sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 2–4 mm; petals white to pale yellow on both surfaces, upper 2 ± violet, lower 3 with yellow basal area, often violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, ± equaling or shorter than sepals, lowest with dark yellow area basally, 7–15 mm, spur blue-violet to purple, elongated, 3–5 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. <b>Capsules</b> ± spherical, 5–9 mm, glabrous. <b>Seeds</b> brown, 1.5–1.9 mm. <b>2n</b> = 34.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering May–Jul.
|habitat=Abandoned fields, roadsides, lawns
|elevation=0–3000 m
|distribution=Greenland;St. Pierre and Miquelon;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Calif.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.C.;Ohio;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;Tenn.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Europe;Asia (Siberia);Africa.
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>A. R. Clapham et al. (1987) noted that <i>Viola arvensis</i> is pollinated by insects and is often selfed; T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson (2010) stated that <i>V. arvensis</i> regularly self-pollinates. Roots of <i>V. arvensis</i> have the odor of wintergreen when crushed (A. E. Radford et al. 1968; W. J. Hayden and J. Clough 1990). <i>Viola arvensis</i> is not vegetatively distinguishable from <i>V. tricolor </i>var.<i> tricolor</i>.</p><!--
--><p>G. Halliday (pers. comm.) reported that <i>Viola arvensis</i> occurs in southwestern Greenland, where it is introduced, and is ephemeral on St. Pierre and Miquelon.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Viola arvensis
|authority=Murray
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Mnemion arvense;Viola tricolor var. arvensis
|basionyms=
|family=Violaceae
|phenology=Flowering May–Jul.
|habitat=Abandoned fields, roadsides, lawns
|elevation=0–3000 m
|distribution=Greenland;St. Pierre and Miquelon;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Calif.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.C.;Ohio;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;Tenn.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Europe;Asia (Siberia);Africa.
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=Prodr. Stirp. Gott.,
|publication year=1770
|special status=Introduced
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V6/V6_197.xml
|genus=Viola
|species=Viola arvensis
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Viola]]