purshiana, Frangula rubra Miller Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4, vol. 1. 1754. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: Buckthorn Etymology: Probably from Latin
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smithii, Rhamnus utilis Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 193. 1753. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Buckthorn nerprun Etymology: Greek rhamnos, prickly shrubs
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Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 271. 1949. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: Sierra coffeeberry Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus
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californica subsp. ursina (Eschscholtz) A. Gray Gen. Amer. Bor. 2: 178. 1849. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: California coffeeberry Basionym: Rhamnus
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Candolle) A. Gray ex J. G. Cooper Trans. Amer. Med. Assoc. 10: 228. 1857. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: Cascara Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus purshiana de
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Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 44: 1141. 1857. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Chinese buckthorn Introduced Treatment appears in FNA
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Pallas Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 721. 1776. (as davuricus) Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Dahurian buckthorn IntroducedIllustrated Treatment appears
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Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 268. 1949. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: Birchleaf buckthorn Illustrated Basionym:
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Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2: 37. 1863. (as ilicifolius) Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Hollyleaf redberry Illustrated Synonyms: Rhamnus crocea
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speciesRhamnus davurica subspeciesRhamnus davurica subsp. davurica Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† IntroducedIllustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment
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purshiana subsp. anonifolia (Greene) J. O. Sawyer & S. W. Edwards Madroño 54: 173. 2007. (as annonifolia) John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus
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(C. B. Wolf) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 76: 449. 1994. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus rubra subsp. modocensis C. B. Wolf Rancho
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(C. B. Wolf) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 76: 449. 1994. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus rubra subsp. yosemitana C. B. Wolf Rancho
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subsp. obtusissima (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 76: 449. 1994. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus obtusissima Greene Leafl. Bot
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ex Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 76: 449. 1994. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus occidentalis Howell ex Greene Pittonia 2:
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subsp. nevadensis (A. Nelson) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 76: 449. 1994. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: Nevada coffeeberry Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus
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genusFrangula speciesFrangula rubra subspeciesFrangula rubra subsp. rubra John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment
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californica subspeciesFrangula californica subsp. californica Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Endemic Synonyms: Rhamnus laurifolia Nuttall Treatment appears in FNA
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ursina (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 76: 449. 1994. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Desert hoary coffeeberry Basionym: Rhamnus ursina Greene
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cuspidata (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 76: 449. 1994. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus cuspidata Greene Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit
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crassifolia (Jepson) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 76: 448. 1994. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Thickleaf coffeeberry Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus californica
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subspeciesFrangula purshiana subsp. ultramafica J. O. Sawyer & S. W. Edwards Madroño 54: 172, fig. 1. 2007. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: Caribou coffeeberry
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speciesFrangula obovata (Kearney & Peebles) G. L. Nesom & J. O. Sawyer Phytologia 91: 302. 2009. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: Pearleaf buckthorn Endemic
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lanceolata Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 166. 1813. (as lanceolatus) Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Eastern lanceleaf buckthorn Endemic Synonyms: Rhamnus
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ex Curran) Abrams Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 153. 1910. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Hairyleaf redberry Endemic Basionym: Rhamnus crocea var
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alnifolia L'Héritier Sert. Angl., 3. 1789. (as alnifolius) Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Alderleaf buckthorn American alder-buckthorn dwarf alder nerprun
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genusRhamnus speciesRhamnus smithii Greene Pittonia 3: 17. 1896. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Smith's buckthorn Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 10(11): 11, figs. 52–64. 1866. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Japanese buckthorn Introduced Treatment appears in FNA
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Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 10(11): 6, figs. 48–51. 1866. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Saw-tooth buckthorn Introduced Treatment appears in FNA
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speciesFrangula caroliniana (Walter) A. Gray Gen. Amer. Bor. 2: 178. 1849. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: Carolina buckthorn Indian cherry Endemic
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speciesFrangula alnus Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Frangula no. 1. 1768. John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Common names: Glossy buckthorn European alder-buckthorn
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speciesRhamnus utilis varietyRhamnus utilis var. utilis Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Introduced Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 51
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speciesRhamnus alaternus Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 193. 1753. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Italian or evergreen buckthorn Introduced Treatment appears
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speciesRhamnus pirifolia Greene Pittonia 3: 15. 1896. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Island redberry Synonyms: Rhamnus crocea subsp. pirifolia (Greene)
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speciesFrangula purshiana subspeciesFrangula purshiana subsp. purshiana John O. Sawyer†, Guy L. Nesom Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment
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Torrey and A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 261. 1838. (as croceus) Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Spiny redberry Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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tomentella (Bentham) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 76: 449. 1994. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Chaparral coffeeberry Basionym: Rhamnus tomentella Bentham
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Willdenow in J. J. Roemer et al., Syst. Veg. 5: 295. 1819. Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: Sawleaf buckthorn Synonyms: Rhamnus fasciculata Greene
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cathartica Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 193. 1753. (as catharticus) Guy L. Nesom, John O. Sawyer† Common names: European or common buckthorn nerprun cathartique Introduced
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Charlottesville. Savile, D. B. O. 1979. Fungi as aids in higher plant classification. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 45: 377--503. Sawyer, J. O. and D. A. Thornburgh. 1988
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Quercus kelloggii, and Umbellularia californica (M.G. Barbour 1988; J.O. Sawyer et al. 1988). Many of these genera, but only a few of the species, continue
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