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| − | --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="elongation increment duration;elongation increment atypical some measurement;elongation increment some measurement"><b>Rhizomes:</b> annual elongation increments (2-) 6-20 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf some measurement"><b>Leaves </b>of nonflowering shoots 2-5 dm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="blade length;blade width">blade 18-38 × 18-38 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="shoot life cycle;shoot some measurement"><b>Flowering </b>shoots 3-6 dm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf size">leaves nearly opposite, slightly unequal in size;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole some measurement">petioles 5-15 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="proximal blade length;proximal blade width;distal blade length;distal blade width">proximal blades 10-35 × 14-40 cm, distal blades 6-25 × 10-33 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="leaf-blade shape;part shape;part shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;tooth architecture or shape"><b>Leaf-</b>blades 5-7 (-9) -parted, parts lobed or not (frequently 2-lobed), margins entire or coarsely dentate, teeth apiculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="surface pubescence;surface pubescence;surface pubescence">surfaces abaxially sparsely pubescent to glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower architecture or arrangement or growth form;flower orientation;flower odor"><b>Flowers </b>solitary, nodding, fragrant;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="peduncle orientation;peduncle some measurement">peduncle arising from angle between petioles, 1.5-6 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal shape;sepal length;sepal width">sepals orbiculate, 10-18 × 10-18 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal coloration;petal coloration;petal shape;petal length;petal width">petals white, rarely pink, obovate, 15-35 × 10-25 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen size or quantity;stamen some measurement">stamens 2 times number of petals, 8-13 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="filament some measurement">filaments 3-5 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="anther length;anther width">anthers 5-8 × 1-1.5 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="ovary length;ovary width">ovaries 6-12 × 4-8 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="style some measurement">style 1-2 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="stigma some measurement">stigmas 3-6 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="berry coloration;berry coloration;berry coloration;berry length;berry width"><b>Berries </b>yellow, rarely orange or maroon, 3.5-5.5 × 2.0-4 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed length;seed width;2n chromosome quantity"><b>Seeds </b>30-50, ovoid, 6-8 × 4-6 mm. <b>2n</b> = 12.</span><!-- | + | --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Rhizomes:</b> annual elongation increments (2-)6-20 cm. <b>Leaves</b> of nonflowering shoots 2-5 dm; blade 18-38 × 18-38 cm. <b>Flowering</b> shoots 3-6 dm; leaves nearly opposite, slightly unequal in size; petioles 5-15 cm; proximal blades 10-35 × 14-40 cm, distal blades 6-25 × 10-33 cm. <b>Leaf</b> blades 5-7(-9)-parted, parts lobed or not (frequently 2-lobed), margins entire or coarsely dentate, teeth apiculate; surfaces abaxially sparsely pubescent to glabrous. <b>Flowers</b> solitary, nodding, fragrant; peduncle arising from angle between petioles, 1.5-6 cm; sepals orbiculate, 10-18 × 10-18 mm; petals white, rarely pink, obovate, 15-35 × 10-25 mm; stamens 2 times number of petals, 8-13 mm; filaments 3-5 mm; anthers 5-8 × 1-1.5 mm; ovaries 6-12 × 4-8 mm; style 1-2 mm; stigmas 3-6 mm. <b>Berries</b> yellow, rarely orange or maroon, 3.5-5.5 × 2.0-4 cm. <b>Seeds</b> 30-50, ovoid, 6-8 × 4-6 mm. <b>2n</b> = 12.</span><!-- |
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| | |publication year=1753 | | |publication year=1753 |
| | |special status=Endemic;Selected by author to be illustrated | | |special status=Endemic;Selected by author to be illustrated |
| − | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_551.xml | + | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/9216fc802291cd3df363fd52122300479582ede7/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V3/V3_551.xml |
| | |genus=Podophyllum | | |genus=Podophyllum |
| | |species=Podophyllum peltatum | | |species=Podophyllum peltatum |
| − | |2n chromosome quantity=12
| |
| − | |anther length=5mm;8mm
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| − | |anther width=1mm;1.5mm
| |
| − | |berry coloration=maroon;orange;yellow
| |
| − | |berry length=3.5cm;5.5cm
| |
| − | |berry width=2.0cm;4cm
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| − | |blade length=18cm;38cm
| |
| − | |blade width=18cm;38cm
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| − | |distal blade length=6cm;25cm
| |
| − | |distal blade width=10cm;33cm
| |
| − | |elongation increment atypical some measurement=2cm;6cm
| |
| − | |elongation increment duration=annual
| |
| − | |elongation increment some measurement=6cm;20cm
| |
| − | |filament some measurement=3mm;5mm
| |
| − | |flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
| |
| − | |flower odor=fragrant
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| − | |flower orientation=nodding
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| − | |leaf arrangement=opposite
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| − | |leaf size=unequal
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| − | |leaf some measurement=2dm;5dm
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| − | |leaf-blade shape=5-7(-9)-parted
| |
| − | |margin architecture or shape=dentate;entire
| |
| − | |ovary length=6mm;12mm
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| − | |ovary width=4mm;8mm
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| − | |part shape=not;lobed
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| − | |peduncle orientation=arising
| |
| − | |peduncle some measurement=1.5cm;6cm
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| − | |petal coloration=pink;white
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| − | |petal length=15mm;35mm
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| − | |petal shape=obovate
| |
| − | |petal width=10mm;25mm
| |
| − | |petiole some measurement=5cm;15cm
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| − | |proximal blade length=10cm;35cm
| |
| − | |proximal blade width=14cm;40cm
| |
| − | |seed length=6mm;8mm
| |
| − | |seed quantity=30;50
| |
| − | |seed shape=ovoid
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| − | |seed width=4mm;6mm
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| − | |sepal length=10mm;18mm
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| − | |sepal shape=orbiculate
| |
| − | |sepal width=10mm;18mm
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| − | |shoot life cycle=flowering
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| − | |shoot some measurement=3dm;6dm
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| − | |stamen size or quantity=2 times number of petals
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| − | |stamen some measurement=8mm;13mm
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| − | |stigma some measurement=3mm;6mm
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| − | |style some measurement=1mm;2mm
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| − | |surface pubescence=abaxially sparsely pubescent;glabrous
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| − | |tooth architecture or shape=apiculate
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| | -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Podophyllum]] | | -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Podophyllum]] |
Rhizomes: annual elongation increments (2-)6-20 cm. Leaves of nonflowering shoots 2-5 dm; blade 18-38 × 18-38 cm. Flowering shoots 3-6 dm; leaves nearly opposite, slightly unequal in size; petioles 5-15 cm; proximal blades 10-35 × 14-40 cm, distal blades 6-25 × 10-33 cm. Leaf blades 5-7(-9)-parted, parts lobed or not (frequently 2-lobed), margins entire or coarsely dentate, teeth apiculate; surfaces abaxially sparsely pubescent to glabrous. Flowers solitary, nodding, fragrant; peduncle arising from angle between petioles, 1.5-6 cm; sepals orbiculate, 10-18 × 10-18 mm; petals white, rarely pink, obovate, 15-35 × 10-25 mm; stamens 2 times number of petals, 8-13 mm; filaments 3-5 mm; anthers 5-8 × 1-1.5 mm; ovaries 6-12 × 4-8 mm; style 1-2 mm; stigmas 3-6 mm. Berries yellow, rarely orange or maroon, 3.5-5.5 × 2.0-4 cm. Seeds 30-50, ovoid, 6-8 × 4-6 mm. 2n = 12.
Phenology: Flowering spring, fruiting late spring–summer; summer deciduous.
Habitat: Mixed deciduous forest, fields, moist road banks, river banks
Elevation: 50-800 m
Distribution
Ont., Que., Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
Discussion
The following forms have been described:
Podophyllum peltatum forma aphyllum Plitt–fertile shoots with no foliage leaves; Podophyllum peltatum forma biltmoreanum Steyermark–fruits orange; Podophyllum peltatum forma deamii Raymond–fruits and seeds maroon, and flowers, placentae, and plant axes pink-tinged; Podophyllum peltatum forma polycarpum (Clute) Plitt–flowers with multiple, free carpels.
The ripe fruit of Podophyllum peltatum is considered edible; all other parts of the plant are toxic. Several lignans and their glycosides, present in the resin extracted from rhizomes and roots, exhibit antitumor activity. Etoposide, a semisynthetic derivative of one of the lignans, is currently used in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer and testicular cancer (P. M. Dewick 1983). Native Americans used Podophyllum for a wide variety of medicinal purposes and as an insecticide (D. E. Moerman 1986).
Podophyllum peltatum is sometimes cultivated in woodland gardens, and some populations on the periphery of its geographical range may be escapes from cultivation.
Selected References
None.
