Difference between revisions of "Betula occidentalis"
Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 155. 1838.
Common names: Water birch river birch
EndemicIllustrated
Synonyms: Betula fontinalis Sargent Betula fontinalis var. inopina (Jepson) Jepson Betula microphylla var. fontinalis (Sargent) M. E. Jones Betula occidentalis var. fecunda (Britton) Fernald Betula occidentalis var. inopina (Jepson) C. L. Hitchcock Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis (Hooker) Sargent Betula papyrifera subsp. occidentalis (Hooker) Hultén
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3.
FNA>Volume Importer |
GeoffLevin (talk | contribs) (Added Nunavut to distribution; treatment was published before Nunavut split from N.W.T.) |
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}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status | }}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status | ||
|code=F | |code=F | ||
| − | |label= | + | |label=Illustrated |
}} | }} | ||
|basionyms= | |basionyms= | ||
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|name=Betula fontinalis | |name=Betula fontinalis | ||
|authority=Sargent | |authority=Sargent | ||
| − | }}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym | + | |rank=species |
| + | }} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym | ||
|name=Betula fontinalis var. inopina | |name=Betula fontinalis var. inopina | ||
|authority=(Jepson) Jepson | |authority=(Jepson) Jepson | ||
| − | }}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym | + | |rank=variety |
| + | }} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym | ||
|name=Betula microphylla var. fontinalis | |name=Betula microphylla var. fontinalis | ||
|authority=(Sargent) M. E. Jones | |authority=(Sargent) M. E. Jones | ||
| − | }}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym | + | |rank=variety |
| + | }} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym | ||
|name=Betula occidentalis var. fecunda | |name=Betula occidentalis var. fecunda | ||
|authority=(Britton) Fernald | |authority=(Britton) Fernald | ||
| − | }}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym | + | |rank=variety |
| + | }} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym | ||
|name=Betula occidentalis var. inopina | |name=Betula occidentalis var. inopina | ||
|authority=(Jepson) C. L. Hitchcock | |authority=(Jepson) C. L. Hitchcock | ||
| − | }}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym | + | |rank=variety |
| + | }} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym | ||
|name=Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis | |name=Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis | ||
|authority=(Hooker) Sargent | |authority=(Hooker) Sargent | ||
| − | }}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym | + | |rank=variety |
| + | }} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym | ||
|name=Betula papyrifera subsp. occidentalis | |name=Betula papyrifera subsp. occidentalis | ||
|authority=(Hooker) Hultén | |authority=(Hooker) Hultén | ||
| + | |rank=subspecies | ||
}} | }} | ||
|hierarchy=Betulaceae;Betulaceae subfam. Betuloideae;Betula;Betula occidentalis | |hierarchy=Betulaceae;Betulaceae subfam. Betuloideae;Betula;Betula occidentalis | ||
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| − | --><span class="statement" id="st- | + | --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Shrubs,</b> spreading, to 10 m. <b>Bark</b> dark reddish brown to bronze, smooth, close, not readily exfoliating; lenticels pale, horizontally expanded. <b>Twigs</b> without the odor or taste of wintergreen, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, covered with conspicuous, reddish, resinous glands. <b>Leaf</b> blade broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate with 2–6 pairs of lateral veins, 2–5.8 × 1–4.5 cm, base truncate to rounded or cuneate, margins sharply and coarsely serrate or irregularly doubly serrate, teeth mostly long and sharp, basal portion untoothed, apex acute to occasionally short-acuminate; surfaces abaxially sparsely to moderately pubescent, covered with minute, resinous glands. <b>Infructescences</b> erect to nearly pendulous, cylindric, 2–3(–3.9) × 0.8–1.5 cm, shattering with fruits in fall; scales glabrous, ciliate, lobes diverging at middle, central lobe narrower and longer than ascending lateral lobes. <b>Samaras</b> with wings broader than body, broadest near summit, extended beyond body apically. <b>2n</b> = 28.</span><!-- |
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|habitat=Montane stream banks, slopes, and ridges, also in moist open woods, at edges of marshes, along lakeshores, and in wet swales | |habitat=Montane stream banks, slopes, and ridges, also in moist open woods, at edges of marshes, along lakeshores, and in wet swales | ||
|elevation=100–3000 m | |elevation=100–3000 m | ||
| − | |distribution=Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T.;Ont.;Sask.;Yukon;Alaska;Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.Mex.;N.Dak.;Oreg.;S.Dak.;Utah;Wash.;Wyo. | + | |distribution=Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Sask.;Yukon;Alaska;Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.Mex.;N.Dak.;Oreg.;S.Dak.;Utah;Wash.;Wyo. |
| − | |discussion=<p>Betula occidentalis is a common, streamside, shrubby birch throughout much of the Rocky Mountains, extending eastward to northwestern Ontario. It has been widely known by the later name B. fontinalis because of questions concerning the legitimacy of Hooker's epithet (J. R. Dugle 1966). Recent changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (W. Greuter et al. 1994) have clarified the situation, however, and the consensus now is that the earlier name is correct. E. Hultén (1968) believed that the species in Alaska that has been called B. occidentalis consists of an extensive hybrid swarm between B. neoalaskana (as B. resinifera) and B. glandulosa. The studies of J. R. Dugle (1966) do not support a hybrid origin of B. occidentalis in other parts of its range. Additional study will be needed to resolve this problem, both in Alaska and southward.</p><!-- | + | |discussion=<p><i>Betula occidentalis</i> is a common, streamside, shrubby birch throughout much of the Rocky Mountains, extending eastward to northwestern Ontario. It has been widely known by the later name B. fontinalis because of questions concerning the legitimacy of Hooker's epithet (J. R. Dugle 1966). Recent changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (W. Greuter et al. 1994) have clarified the situation, however, and the consensus now is that the earlier name is correct. E. Hultén (1968) believed that the species in Alaska that has been called <i>B. occidentalis</i> consists of an extensive hybrid swarm between <i>B. neoalaskana</i> (as B. resinifera) and <i>B. glandulosa</i>. The studies of J. R. Dugle (1966) do not support a hybrid origin of <i>B. occidentalis</i> in other parts of its range. Additional study will be needed to resolve this problem, both in Alaska and southward.</p><!-- |
| − | --><p>Betula ×utahensis Britton (= B. occidentalis Hooker × B. papyrifera Marshall) is a common hybrid marked by intermediate characteristics.</p><!-- | + | --><p><i>Betula</i> ×utahensis Britton (= <i>B. occidentalis</i> Hooker × <i>B. papyrifera</i> Marshall) is a common hybrid marked by intermediate characteristics.</p><!-- |
| − | --><p>Betula papyrifera Marshall var. subcordata (Rydberg) Sargent, formerly recognized in several state, provincial, and regional floras, consists of introgressants of B. occidentalis into B. papyrifera (J. R. Dugle 1966).</p> | + | --><p><i>Betula papyrifera</i> Marshall var. subcordata (Rydberg) Sargent, formerly recognized in several state, provincial, and regional floras, consists of introgressants of <i>B. occidentalis</i> into <i>B. papyrifera</i> (J. R. Dugle 1966).</p> |
|tables= | |tables= | ||
|references= | |references= | ||
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name=Betula occidentalis | name=Betula occidentalis | ||
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|authority=Hooker | |authority=Hooker | ||
|rank=species | |rank=species | ||
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|habitat=Montane stream banks, slopes, and ridges, also in moist open woods, at edges of marshes, along lakeshores, and in wet swales | |habitat=Montane stream banks, slopes, and ridges, also in moist open woods, at edges of marshes, along lakeshores, and in wet swales | ||
|elevation=100–3000 m | |elevation=100–3000 m | ||
| − | |distribution=Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T.;Ont.;Sask.;Yukon;Alaska;Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.Mex.;N.Dak.;Oreg.;S.Dak.;Utah;Wash.;Wyo. | + | |distribution=Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Sask.;Yukon;Alaska;Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.Mex.;N.Dak.;Oreg.;S.Dak.;Utah;Wash.;Wyo. |
|reference=None | |reference=None | ||
|publication title=Fl. Bor.-Amer. | |publication title=Fl. Bor.-Amer. | ||
|publication year=1838 | |publication year=1838 | ||
| − | |special status=Endemic; | + | |special status=Endemic;Illustrated |
| − | |source xml=https:// | + | |source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V3/V3_655.xml |
|subfamily=Betulaceae subfam. Betuloideae | |subfamily=Betulaceae subfam. Betuloideae | ||
|genus=Betula | |genus=Betula | ||
|species=Betula occidentalis | |species=Betula occidentalis | ||
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-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Betula]] | -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Betula]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:21, 24 September 2021
Shrubs, spreading, to 10 m. Bark dark reddish brown to bronze, smooth, close, not readily exfoliating; lenticels pale, horizontally expanded. Twigs without the odor or taste of wintergreen, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, covered with conspicuous, reddish, resinous glands. Leaf blade broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate with 2–6 pairs of lateral veins, 2–5.8 × 1–4.5 cm, base truncate to rounded or cuneate, margins sharply and coarsely serrate or irregularly doubly serrate, teeth mostly long and sharp, basal portion untoothed, apex acute to occasionally short-acuminate; surfaces abaxially sparsely to moderately pubescent, covered with minute, resinous glands. Infructescences erect to nearly pendulous, cylindric, 2–3(–3.9) × 0.8–1.5 cm, shattering with fruits in fall; scales glabrous, ciliate, lobes diverging at middle, central lobe narrower and longer than ascending lateral lobes. Samaras with wings broader than body, broadest near summit, extended beyond body apically. 2n = 28.
Phenology: Flowering late spring.
Habitat: Montane stream banks, slopes, and ridges, also in moist open woods, at edges of marshes, along lakeshores, and in wet swales
Elevation: 100–3000 m
Distribution
Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Sask., Yukon, Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.
Discussion
Betula occidentalis is a common, streamside, shrubby birch throughout much of the Rocky Mountains, extending eastward to northwestern Ontario. It has been widely known by the later name B. fontinalis because of questions concerning the legitimacy of Hooker's epithet (J. R. Dugle 1966). Recent changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (W. Greuter et al. 1994) have clarified the situation, however, and the consensus now is that the earlier name is correct. E. Hultén (1968) believed that the species in Alaska that has been called B. occidentalis consists of an extensive hybrid swarm between B. neoalaskana (as B. resinifera) and B. glandulosa. The studies of J. R. Dugle (1966) do not support a hybrid origin of B. occidentalis in other parts of its range. Additional study will be needed to resolve this problem, both in Alaska and southward.
Betula ×utahensis Britton (= B. occidentalis Hooker × B. papyrifera Marshall) is a common hybrid marked by intermediate characteristics.
Betula papyrifera Marshall var. subcordata (Rydberg) Sargent, formerly recognized in several state, provincial, and regional floras, consists of introgressants of B. occidentalis into B. papyrifera (J. R. Dugle 1966).
Selected References
None.
Lower Taxa
None.