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| − | --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="tree duration;tree some measurement"><b>Trees,</b> deciduous, to 25 m.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="bark coloration;bark coloration;bark coloration;bark architecture;ridge condition or fragility;block architecture or course;inner bark coloration;inner bark coloration"><b>Bark </b>dark-brown to black, deeply furrowed, ridges often broken into irregular blocks, inner bark yellow or orange.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="twig coloration;twig diameter;twig diameter;twig diameter;twig pubescence;twig pubescence"><b>Twigs </b>dark reddish-brown, (1.5-) 2.5-4.5 (-5) mm diam., glabrous or sparsely pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="terminal bud shape;terminal bud shape;terminal bud shape;terminal bud shape;terminal bud some measurement;terminal bud shape;terminal bud coloration;terminal bud pubescence"><b>Terminal </b>buds ovoid or ellipsoid to subconic, 6-12 mm, noticeably 5-angled in cross-section, tawny or gray-pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole some measurement;petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence"><b>Leaves:</b> petiole 25-70 mm, glabrous to sparsely pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade atypical length;leaf-blade length;leaf-blade width;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;lobe quantity;awn quantity;lobe shape;lobe size;lobe arrangement;sinuse depth;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape"><b>Leaf-</b>blade ovate to obovate, (80-) 100-300 × 80-150 mm, base obtuse to truncate, inequilateral, margins with 5-9 lobes and 15-50 awns, lobes oblong or distally expanded, separated by deep sinuses, apex acute to obtuse;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="surface coloration;surface pubescence;axillary tuft size;axillary tuft prominence;tomentum reflectance;tomentum coloration;tomentum pubescence;vein arrangement;vein character;vein reflectance;vein coloration;vein pubescence;secondary-vein arrangement;secondary-vein character;secondary-vein reflectance;secondary-vein coloration;secondary-vein pubescence">surfaces abaxially pale green, glabrous except for small axillary tufts of tomentum or with scattered pubescence, especially along veins, adaxially glossy, dark green, glabrous, secondary-veins raised on both surfaces.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="acorn duration"><b>Acorns </b>biennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="cup shape;cup shape;cup width;cup width;nut quantity;cup margin shape or vernation;outer surface pubescence;inner surface pubescence;scale tip architecture or fragility;scale tip shape;scale tip shape;scale tip shape">cup cupshaped or turbinate, 7-14 mm high × 12-22 mm wide, covering 1/2 nut, cup margins not involute, outer surface puberulent, inner surface pubescent, scale tips loose, especially at margin of cup, acute to acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut length;nut width;nut pubescence;n chromosome quantity;n chromosome quantity">nut subglobose to ovoid, 10-20 × 10-18 mm, glabrate, scar diam. 5.5-12 mm. n = 12 ± 1;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="scar diam;2n chromosome quantity">2n = 24.</span><!-- | + | --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Trees,</b> deciduous, to 25 m. <b>Bark</b> dark brown to black, deeply furrowed, ridges often broken into irregular blocks, inner bark yellow or orange. <b>Twigs</b> dark reddish brown, (1.5-)2.5-4.5(-5) mm diam., glabrous or sparsely pubescent. <b>Terminal</b> buds ovoid or ellipsoid to subconic, 6-12 mm, noticeably 5-angled in cross section, tawny- or gray-pubescent. <b>Leaves</b>: petiole 25-70 mm, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. <b>Leaf</b> blade ovate to obovate, (80-)100-300 × 80-150 mm, base obtuse to truncate, inequilateral, margins with 5-9 lobes and 15-50 awns, lobes oblong or distally expanded, separated by deep sinuses, apex acute to obtuse; surfaces abaxially pale green, glabrous except for small axillary tufts of tomentum or with scattered pubescence, especially along veins, adaxially glossy, dark green, glabrous, secondary veins raised on both surfaces. <b>Acorns</b> biennial; cup cup-shaped or turbinate, 7-14 mm high × 12-22 mm wide, covering 1/2 nut, cup margins not involute, outer surface puberulent, inner surface pubescent, scale tips loose, especially at margin of cup, acute to acuminate; nut subglobose to ovoid, 10-20 × 10-18 mm, glabrate, scar diam. 5.5-12 mm. n = 12 ± 1; 2n = 24.</span><!-- |
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| | |publication year=1785 | | |publication year=1785 |
| | |special status=Endemic;Selected by author to be illustrated | | |special status=Endemic;Selected by author to be illustrated |
| − | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_980.xml | + | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/9216fc802291cd3df363fd52122300479582ede7/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V3/V3_980.xml |
| | |genus=Quercus | | |genus=Quercus |
| | |section=Quercus sect. Lobatae | | |section=Quercus sect. Lobatae |
| | |species=Quercus velutina | | |species=Quercus velutina |
| − | |2n chromosome quantity=24
| |
| − | |acorn duration=biennial
| |
| − | |apex shape=acute;obtuse
| |
| − | |awn quantity=5;9
| |
| − | |axillary tuft prominence=raised
| |
| − | |axillary tuft size=small
| |
| − | |bark architecture=furrowed
| |
| − | |bark coloration=dark-brown;black
| |
| − | |base shape=inequilateral;obtuse;truncate
| |
| − | |block architecture or course=irregular
| |
| − | |cup margin shape or vernation=not involute
| |
| − | |cup shape=turbinate;cup-shaped
| |
| − | |cup width=×12-22;7mm;14mm
| |
| − | |inner bark coloration=orange;yellow
| |
| − | |inner surface pubescence=pubescent
| |
| − | |leaf-blade atypical length=80mm;100mm
| |
| − | |leaf-blade length=100mm;300mm
| |
| − | |leaf-blade shape=ovate;obovate
| |
| − | |leaf-blade width=80mm;150mm
| |
| − | |lobe arrangement=separated
| |
| − | |lobe quantity=5;9
| |
| − | |lobe shape=oblong
| |
| − | |lobe size=expanded
| |
| − | |n chromosome quantity=1;12
| |
| − | |nut length=10mm;20mm
| |
| − | |nut pubescence=glabrate
| |
| − | |nut quantity=1/2
| |
| − | |nut shape=subglobose;ovoid
| |
| − | |nut width=10mm;18mm
| |
| − | |outer surface pubescence=puberulent
| |
| − | |petiole pubescence=glabrous;sparsely pubescent
| |
| − | |petiole some measurement=25mm;70mm
| |
| − | |ridge condition or fragility=broken
| |
| − | |scale tip architecture or fragility=loose
| |
| − | |scale tip shape=acute;acuminate
| |
| − | |scar diam=5.5mm;12mm
| |
| − | |secondary-vein arrangement=scattered
| |
| − | |secondary-vein character=pubescence
| |
| − | |secondary-vein coloration=dark green
| |
| − | |secondary-vein pubescence=glabrous
| |
| − | |secondary-vein reflectance=glossy
| |
| − | |sinuse depth=deep
| |
| − | |surface coloration=pale green
| |
| − | |surface pubescence=glabrous
| |
| − | |terminal bud coloration=tawny
| |
| − | |terminal bud pubescence=gray-pubescent
| |
| − | |terminal bud shape=5-angled;ellipsoid;subconic
| |
| − | |terminal bud some measurement=6mm;12mm
| |
| − | |tomentum coloration=dark green
| |
| − | |tomentum pubescence=glabrous
| |
| − | |tomentum reflectance=glossy
| |
| − | |tree duration=deciduous
| |
| − | |tree some measurement=0m;25m
| |
| − | |twig coloration=dark reddish-brown
| |
| − | |twig diameter=2.5mm;4.5mm
| |
| − | |twig pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
| |
| − | |vein arrangement=scattered
| |
| − | |vein character=pubescence
| |
| − | |vein coloration=dark green
| |
| − | |vein pubescence=glabrous
| |
| − | |vein reflectance=glossy
| |
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| | -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Quercus sect. Lobatae]] | | -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Quercus sect. Lobatae]] |
Trees, deciduous, to 25 m. Bark dark brown to black, deeply furrowed, ridges often broken into irregular blocks, inner bark yellow or orange. Twigs dark reddish brown, (1.5-)2.5-4.5(-5) mm diam., glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Terminal buds ovoid or ellipsoid to subconic, 6-12 mm, noticeably 5-angled in cross section, tawny- or gray-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 25-70 mm, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Leaf blade ovate to obovate, (80-)100-300 × 80-150 mm, base obtuse to truncate, inequilateral, margins with 5-9 lobes and 15-50 awns, lobes oblong or distally expanded, separated by deep sinuses, apex acute to obtuse; surfaces abaxially pale green, glabrous except for small axillary tufts of tomentum or with scattered pubescence, especially along veins, adaxially glossy, dark green, glabrous, secondary veins raised on both surfaces. Acorns biennial; cup cup-shaped or turbinate, 7-14 mm high × 12-22 mm wide, covering 1/2 nut, cup margins not involute, outer surface puberulent, inner surface pubescent, scale tips loose, especially at margin of cup, acute to acuminate; nut subglobose to ovoid, 10-20 × 10-18 mm, glabrate, scar diam. 5.5-12 mm. n = 12 ± 1; 2n = 24.
Phenology: Flowering spring.
Habitat: Commonly on dry slopes and upland areas, occasionally on sandy lowlands (especially in north) and poorly drained uplands and terraces
Elevation: 0-1500 m
Distribution
Ont., Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
Discussion
The bark of this species (quercitron) is rich in tannins and was once an important source of these chemicals used for tanning leather. (The yellow dye obtained from the bark is also called quercitron.)
Native Americans used Quercus velutina medicinally for indigestion, chronic dysentery, mouth sores, chills and fevers, chapped skin, hoarseness, milky urine, lung trouble, sore eyes, and as a tonic, an antiseptic, and an emetic (D. E. Moerman 1986).
Quercus velutina reportedly hybridizes with Q. coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis (= Q. ×paleolithicola Trelease), Q. falcata [= Q. ×willdenowiana (Dippel) Zabel] (= Q. ×pinetorum Moldenke)], Q. ilicifolia (= Q. ×rehderi Trelease), Q. imbricaria (= Q. ×leana Nuttall), Q. incana, Q. laevis, and Q. laurifolia (= Q. ×cocksii Sargent, although E. J. Palmer [1948] challenged the validity of this claim), Q. marilandica, Q. nigra, Q. palustris (= Q. ×vaga E. J. Palmer & Steyermark), Q. phellos (= Q. ×filialis Little), Q. rubra, Q. shumardii, and possibly Q. arkansana (D. M. Hunt 1989).
Selected References
None.
