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| − | --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="tree duration"><b>Trees </b>[or shrubs], evergreen.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="branchlet nutrition;branchlet size;branchlet architecture;basal segment quantity;basal segment height or length or size;segment quantity;segment shape"><b>Photosynthetic </b>branchlets slender, wiry, with several very short, basal segments and 1-numerous elongate segments;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="segment shape;ridge quantity;ridge dehiscence or orientation">segments terete [quadrangular], with as many longitudinal ridges as leaves;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="ridge arrangement">ridges separated by furrows containing stomates.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf size;leaf size;leaf size;whorl atypical quantity;whorl quantity;branchlet nutrition"><b>Leaves </b>reduced to small teeth in whorls of [4-] 6-17 at apex of each segment of photosynthetic branchlets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="whorl arrangement;bract shape;bracteole shape;bracteole duration;bracteole position;bracteole shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>of alternating whorls of flowers, each flower subtended by toothlike bract and 2 bracteoles, bracteoles usually persistent, lateral, scalelike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;inflorescence size;spike architecture or shape">staminate inflorescences catkinlike spikes, short-to-elongate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescences head architecture;inflorescences head shape;inflorescences head shape;inflorescences head shape">pistillate inflorescences heads, globular to ovoid.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower architecture"><b>Flowers </b>unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different plants.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal duration;sepal quantity;sepal architecture;sepal shape"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: sepals deciduous at anthesis, 1-2, hooded, scalelike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen quantity">stamen 1;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower architecture;anther fixation;anther architecture or structure in adjective form">anthers basifixed, 2-locular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;perianth presence"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: perianth absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;pistil quantity;pistil architecture;pistil architecture;pistil quantity;pistil reproduction;pistil size;pistil presence">pistil 1, compound, 2-carpellate, 1 fertile, the other usually reduced or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;ovule quantity;ovule quantity;ovule quantity;ovule development;carpel size">ovules 2, an additional 2 abortive ovules in reduced carpel;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;style architecture;style coloration">styles 2-branched, reddish.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="infructescence texture;infructescence shape;infructescence shape"><b>Infructescences </b>± woody, cylindric, conelike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="floral bracteole quantity;floral bracteole size">floral bracteoles 2, enlarged as lateral valves.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="fruit shape;nut architecture"><b>Fruits </b>compressed, winged nuts (samaras).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed quantity"><b>Seeds </b>1 in each samara.</span><!-- | + | --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Trees </b>[or shrubs], evergreen. <b>Photosynthetic</b> branchlets slender, wiry, with several very short, basal segments and 1-numerous elongate segments; segments terete [quadrangular], with as many longitudinal ridges as leaves; ridges separated by furrows containing stomates. <b>Leaves</b> reduced to small teeth in whorls of [4-]6-17 at apex of each segment of photosynthetic branchlets. <b>Inflorescences</b> of alternating whorls of flowers, each flower subtended by toothlike bract and 2 bracteoles, bracteoles usually persistent, lateral, scalelike; staminate inflorescences catkinlike spikes, short to elongate; pistillate inflorescences heads, globular to ovoid. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different plants. <b>Staminate</b> flowers: sepals deciduous at anthesis, 1-2, hooded, scalelike; stamen 1; anthers basifixed, 2-locular. <b>Pistillate</b> flowers: perianth absent; pistil 1, compound, 2-carpellate, 1 fertile, the other usually reduced or absent; ovules 2, an additional 2 abortive ovules in reduced carpel; styles 2-branched, reddish. <b>Infructescences</b> ± woody, cylindric, conelike; floral bracteoles 2, enlarged as lateral valves. <b>Fruits</b> compressed, winged nuts (samaras). <b>Seeds</b> 1 in each samara.</span><!-- |
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| − | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_955.xml | + | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/9216fc802291cd3df363fd52122300479582ede7/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V3/V3_955.xml |
| − | |anther architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular
| |
| − | |anther fixation=basifixed
| |
| − | |basal segment height or length or size=short
| |
| − | |basal segment quantity=several
| |
| − | |bract shape=toothlike
| |
| − | |bracteole duration=persistent
| |
| − | |bracteole position=lateral
| |
| − | |bracteole shape=scale-like;toothlike
| |
| − | |branchlet architecture=wiry
| |
| − | |branchlet nutrition=photosynthetic;photosynthetic
| |
| − | |branchlet size=slender
| |
| − | |carpel size=reduced
| |
| − | |floral bracteole quantity=2
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| − | |floral bracteole size=enlarged
| |
| − | |flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate;pistillate;staminate
| |
| − | |flower reproduction=unisexual
| |
| − | |fruit shape=compressed
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| − | |inflorescence architecture=staminate
| |
| − | |inflorescence size=short;elongate
| |
| − | |inflorescences head architecture=pistillate
| |
| − | |inflorescences head shape=globular;ovoid
| |
| − | |infructescence shape=conelike;cylindric
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| − | |infructescence texture=woody
| |
| − | |leaf size=reduced;small
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| − | |nut architecture=winged
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| − | |ovule development=abortive
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| − | |ovule quantity=2;additional;2
| |
| − | |perianth presence=absent
| |
| − | |pistil architecture=2-carpellate;compound
| |
| − | |pistil presence=absent
| |
| − | |pistil quantity=1;1
| |
| − | |pistil reproduction=fertile
| |
| − | |pistil size=reduced
| |
| − | |ridge arrangement=separated
| |
| − | |ridge dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal
| |
| − | |ridge quantity=many
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| − | |seed quantity=1
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| − | |segment quantity=1;numerous
| |
| − | |segment shape=terete;elongate
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| − | |sepal architecture=hooded
| |
| − | |sepal duration=deciduous
| |
| − | |sepal quantity=1;2
| |
| − | |sepal shape=scale-like
| |
| − | |spike architecture or shape=catkinlike
| |
| − | |stamen quantity=1
| |
| − | |style architecture=2-branched
| |
| − | |style coloration=reddish
| |
| − | |tree duration=evergreen
| |
| − | |whorl arrangement=alternating
| |
| − | |whorl atypical quantity=4;6
| |
| − | |whorl quantity=6;17
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Trees [or shrubs], evergreen. Photosynthetic branchlets slender, wiry, with several very short, basal segments and 1-numerous elongate segments; segments terete [quadrangular], with as many longitudinal ridges as leaves; ridges separated by furrows containing stomates. Leaves reduced to small teeth in whorls of [4-]6-17 at apex of each segment of photosynthetic branchlets. Inflorescences of alternating whorls of flowers, each flower subtended by toothlike bract and 2 bracteoles, bracteoles usually persistent, lateral, scalelike; staminate inflorescences catkinlike spikes, short to elongate; pistillate inflorescences heads, globular to ovoid. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different plants. Staminate flowers: sepals deciduous at anthesis, 1-2, hooded, scalelike; stamen 1; anthers basifixed, 2-locular. Pistillate flowers: perianth absent; pistil 1, compound, 2-carpellate, 1 fertile, the other usually reduced or absent; ovules 2, an additional 2 abortive ovules in reduced carpel; styles 2-branched, reddish. Infructescences ± woody, cylindric, conelike; floral bracteoles 2, enlarged as lateral valves. Fruits compressed, winged nuts (samaras). Seeds 1 in each samara.
Distribution
Tropical and subtropical dry regions, warm temperate areas
Discussion
Genera 4, species 90 (1 genus, 3 species in the flora).
Casuarinaceae are occasionally referred to as the beefwood family or the Australian-pine family.
Species have been cultivated in the warmest parts of the flora as ornamentals and shelterbelts, and for sand binding. Their suitability for such uses is partly because of the presence in root nodules of actinomycetes (Frankia); such actinomycetes are effective in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Vesicular-arbuscular, endotrophic mycorrhizae have also been reported. In addition to the species described here, the following have all been recorded as cultivated in the flora, but they are not known to be naturalized: Allocasuarina decussata (Bentham) L. A. S. Johnson, A. helmsii (Ewart & M. Gordon) L. A. S. Johnson, A. littoralis (Salisbury) L. A. S. Johnson (Casuarina suberosa Otto & Dietrich), A. torulosa (Aiton) L. A. S. Johnson, A. verticillata (Lamarck) L. A. S. Johnson (C. stricta Aiton), C. cristata Miquel (C. lepidophloia F. Mueller) and Gymnostoma sumatranum (Junghuhn ex de Vriese) L. A. S. Johnson (C. sumatrana Junghuhn ex de Vriese). See K. L. Wilson and L. A. S. Johnson (1989) for distinguishing features of the Australian species.
Dried specimens differ significantly from fresh material. When fresh, fruiting bracteoles of the infructescence are nearly always appressed to each other, enclosing the samara; when the infructescence dries out, the bracteoles separate. Measurements given here for infructescence body diameter do not include any portion of the bracteoles extending beyond the main body of the infructescence. The softer tissues of branchlets contract when dried, so that features such as angularity or convexity of longitudinal ridges are emphasized in dried specimens. The key and descriptions are generally based on dried
specimens.
