Zosteraceae

Herbs, perennial, rarely annual, rhizomatous, caulescent; turions absent. Leaves alternate, submersed, sessile; sheath persisting longer than blade or decaying with age into bundles of woolly fibers, not leaving circular scar when shed, not ligulate, auriculate with scarious lobes; blade linear; intravaginal squamules scales, more than 2. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, spadices, surrounded by spathe, pedunculate; peduncle following fertilization not elongating, not spiraling. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same plant or different plants; subtending bracts (retinacula) often present; perianth absent. Staminate flowers: stamens 1; anthers dehiscing longitudinally; pollen linear. Pistillate flowers: pistils1, not stipitate; ovules pendulous, orthotropous. Fruits achenelike. Seeds 1; embryo straight.

Distribution

Widely distributed in temperate oceans worldwide.

Discussion

Substantial differences occur in the literature concerning the morphology of the Zosteraceae, especially the reproductive structures. For a discussion of those differences, see C. den Hartog (1970). In summary, the flowers are unisexual, embedded in a spadix, and may or may not each be subtended by a bract or retinaculum. The spadix is subtended by a spathe, and it may or may not be retained within that spathe following fruit production. Spathes are produced on specialized branches (generative shoots), rather than occurring over the entire plant. The generative shoots may or may not contain normal vegetative leaves, but they do contain one or more spathes. The term inflorescence is ambiguous for Zosteraceae, and den Hartog used ‘rhipidium’ instead. In this treatment ‘inflorescence’ is used to include the spathe, spadix, and flowers.

Genera 3, species 18 (2 genera, 5 species in the flora).

Selected References

Hartog, C. den. 1970. The Sea-grasses of the World. Amsterdam.

Haynes, R. R. and L. B. Holm-Nielsen. 1985. A generic treatment of Alismatidae in the Neotropics. Acta Amazon. 15(suppl.): 153--193.

Phillips, R. C. and C. P. McRoy, eds. 1980. Handbook of Seagrass Biology: An Ecosystem Perspective. New York.

Lower Taxa

Phyllospadix, Zostera

Illustrations

	Family ⠉	Taxon	Illustrator ⠉
	Zosteraceae Zosteraceae Zosteraceae	Phyllospadix scouleri Zostera marina Phyllospadix torreyi	John Myers John Myers John Myers

Key

1	Staminate and pistillate flowers on same plant; spadix always enclosed within spathe sheath	Zostera
1	Staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants; mature spadix projecting from spathe sheath	Phyllospadix