familyRanunculaceae
genusHelleborus
Show Lower Taxa
Difference between revisions of "Helleborus"
Sp. Pl. 1: 557. 175.
Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 244. 1754.
Common names: Hellebore hellébore
Etymology: Greek, helleborus, ancient name for this plant
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3.
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| − | --><span class="statement" id="st- | + | --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs </b>[subshrubs], perennial, from tough, short rhizomes [rhizomes absent]. <b>Leaves</b> basal and cauline, basal leaf much larger [all leaves cauline], petiolate; cauline leaves alternate. <b>Leaf</b> blade pedately or palmately compound or deeply parted [undivided], lobes narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate or lanceolate, margins sharply toothed [entire]. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, 3-4-flowered cymes, to 25 cm or flowers solitary or paired; bracts ±leaflike, divided, not forming involucre. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual, radially symmetric; sepals persistent in fruit [not persistent], 5, yellowish green [white, pink, or purple], plane, ovate to elliptic, 19-30(-50) mm; petals 5-15, distinct, green or brown, funnel-shaped, ± 2-lipped, clawed, 4-8 mm; nectary in center of "funnel"; stamens 30-60; filaments filiform; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils [2-]3-6[-10], simple, proximally connate [distinct or completely connate]; ovules several per pistil; style present. <b>Fruits</b> follicles [capsules], aggregate, sessile, oblong, sides with prominent transverse veins; beak terminal, straight, 5-15 mm. <b>Seeds</b> usually ± carinate. <b>x</b> = 8.</span><!-- |
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| − | |distribution=North America;Europe;Asia (in Asia Minor and Tibet) | + | |distribution=North America;Europe;Asia (in Asia Minor and Tibet). |
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 25 (1 in the flora).</p><!-- | |discussion=<p>Species ca. 25 (1 in the flora).</p><!-- | ||
| − | --><p>Although other species of Helleborus are grown as ornamentals, only the green-flowered H. viridis appears to persist after cultivation. Helleborus niger Linnaeus (Christmas-rose) is a more popular ornamental because of its showy, white to pinkish flowers. It does not appear to persist away from cultivation; it was reported as an escape in 1880 at Sennet, New York, and in 1919 in Washtenaw County, Michigan (R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean 1982; E. G. Voss 1972+, vol. 2). Helleborus niger can be distinguished from H. viridis by its flower color and its simple, distal cauline leaves with entire margins.</p><!-- | + | --><p>Although other species of <i>Helleborus</i> are grown as ornamentals, only the green-flowered <i>H. viridis</i> appears to persist after cultivation. <i>Helleborus</i> niger Linnaeus (Christmas-rose) is a more popular ornamental because of its showy, white to pinkish flowers. It does not appear to persist away from cultivation; it was reported as an escape in 1880 at Sennet, New York, and in 1919 in Washtenaw County, Michigan (R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean 1982; E. G. Voss 1972+, vol. 2). <i>Helleborus</i> niger can be distinguished from <i>H. viridis</i> by its flower color and its simple, distal cauline leaves with entire margins.</p><!-- |
| − | --><p>Both living and dried plants of all species of Helleborus are extremely poisonous. Plants contain a cardiac glycoside (helleborin), which acts directly on the heart muscle, causing convulsions, delirium, and sometimes death. Poisoning from contaminated hay has been known to cause livestock fatalities in some areas (R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean 1982).</p> | + | --><p>Both living and dried plants of all species of <i>Helleborus</i> are extremely poisonous. Plants contain a cardiac glycoside (helleborin), which acts directly on the heart muscle, causing convulsions, delirium, and sometimes death. Poisoning from contaminated hay has been known to cause livestock fatalities in some areas (R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean 1982).</p> |
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|family=Ranunculaceae | |family=Ranunculaceae | ||
| − | |distribution=North America;Europe;Asia (in Asia Minor and Tibet) | + | |distribution=North America;Europe;Asia (in Asia Minor and Tibet). |
|reference=None | |reference=None | ||
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. | |publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. | ||
|publication year=;1754 | |publication year=;1754 | ||
|special status= | |special status= | ||
| − | |source xml=https:// | + | |source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V3/V3_192.xml |
|genus=Helleborus | |genus=Helleborus | ||
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Latest revision as of 21:46, 5 November 2020
Herbs [subshrubs], perennial, from tough, short rhizomes [rhizomes absent]. Leaves basal and cauline, basal leaf much larger [all leaves cauline], petiolate; cauline leaves alternate. Leaf blade pedately or palmately compound or deeply parted [undivided], lobes narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate or lanceolate, margins sharply toothed [entire]. Inflorescences terminal, 3-4-flowered cymes, to 25 cm or flowers solitary or paired; bracts ±leaflike, divided, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetric; sepals persistent in fruit [not persistent], 5, yellowish green [white, pink, or purple], plane, ovate to elliptic, 19-30(-50) mm; petals 5-15, distinct, green or brown, funnel-shaped, ± 2-lipped, clawed, 4-8 mm; nectary in center of "funnel"; stamens 30-60; filaments filiform; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils [2-]3-6[-10], simple, proximally connate [distinct or completely connate]; ovules several per pistil; style present. Fruits follicles [capsules], aggregate, sessile, oblong, sides with prominent transverse veins; beak terminal, straight, 5-15 mm. Seeds usually ± carinate. x = 8.
Distribution
North America, Europe, Asia (in Asia Minor and Tibet).
Discussion
Species ca. 25 (1 in the flora).
Although other species of Helleborus are grown as ornamentals, only the green-flowered H. viridis appears to persist after cultivation. Helleborus niger Linnaeus (Christmas-rose) is a more popular ornamental because of its showy, white to pinkish flowers. It does not appear to persist away from cultivation; it was reported as an escape in 1880 at Sennet, New York, and in 1919 in Washtenaw County, Michigan (R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean 1982; E. G. Voss 1972+, vol. 2). Helleborus niger can be distinguished from H. viridis by its flower color and its simple, distal cauline leaves with entire margins.
Both living and dried plants of all species of Helleborus are extremely poisonous. Plants contain a cardiac glycoside (helleborin), which acts directly on the heart muscle, causing convulsions, delirium, and sometimes death. Poisoning from contaminated hay has been known to cause livestock fatalities in some areas (R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean 1982).
Selected References
None.
Lower Taxa
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