Show Lower Taxa
Difference between revisions of "Scleranthus"
Sp. Pl. 1: 406. 1753 (as Schleranthus).
Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 190. 1754.
Common names: Knawel scléranthe
Etymology: Greek skleros, hard, and anthos, flower, alluding to the indurate hypanthium
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|accepted_authority=Linnaeus | |accepted_authority=Linnaeus | ||
|publications={{Treatment/Publication | |publications={{Treatment/Publication | ||
| − | |title= | + | |title=Sp. Pl. |
| − | |place= | + | |place=1: 406. 1753 (as Schleranthus) |
| − | |year= | + | }}, {{Treatment/Publication |
| + | |title=Gen. Pl. ed. | ||
| + | |place=5, 190. 1754 | ||
| + | |year=1754 | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | |common_names=Knawel;scléranthe | ||
|basionyms= | |basionyms= | ||
| − | |synonyms= | + | |synonyms= |
| − | + | |hierarchy=Caryophyllaceae;Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae;Scleranthus | |
| − | + | |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Scleranthus]]</div></div> | |
| − | + | |etymology=Greek skleros, hard, and anthos, flower, alluding to the indurate hypanthium | |
| − | |||
| − | |hierarchy=Caryophyllaceae;Caryophyllaceae subfam. | ||
| − | |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Caryophyllaceae subfam. | ||
|volume=Volume 5 | |volume=Volume 5 | ||
| − | |mention_page=page 4, 6 | + | |mention_page=page 4, 6, 50 |
| − | |treatment_page=page | + | |treatment_page=page 149 |
| − | }} | + | }}<!-- |
| − | <!-- | ||
| − | --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> annual, biennial, or perennial | + | --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> annual, biennial, or perennial. <b>Taproots</b> slender. <b>Stems</b> erect to prostrate, branched, terete. <b>Leaves</b> connate proximally, sessile; blade 1-veined, subulate to linear, not succulent, apex acute or obtuse. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal or axillary, lax to dense cymes; bracts paired, foliaceous. <b>Flowers</b> sessile to subsessile; perianth and androecium perigynous; hypanthium urceolate, abruptly expanded distally; sepals 5, distinct, greenish, lanceolate to awl-shaped, 1.5–4 mm, herbaceous, margins whitish, scarious, apex acute to blunt or obtuse; petals absent; nectariferous disc at base of stamens; stamens 2–10, arising from hypanthium rim; filaments distinct; staminodes absent or 5–8, arising from hypanthium rim, filiform; styles 2, capitate, 0.8–1 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 2, terminal, minutely papillate (50×). <b>Utricles</b> ovoid, enclosed in persistent, indurate, shallowly or strongly furrowed, sepal-crowned hypanthium and falling with it, the whole constituting the indehiscent “fruit”; carpophore present. <b>Seeds</b> 1, yellowish, globose, not compressed, smooth, marginal wing absent, appendage absent. <b>x</b> = 11 [12].</span><!-- |
-->{{Treatment/Body | -->{{Treatment/Body | ||
| − | |distribution= | + | |distribution=temperate Europe (including Mediterranean region);Asia;Africa;Australia;widely naturalized elsewhere. |
| − | |discussion=<p> | + | |introduced=true |
| − | --><p> | + | |discussion=<p>Species ca. 10 (2 in the flora).</p><!-- |
| − | --><p> | + | --><p>In spite of their small size, most <i>Scleranthus</i> flowers secrete nectar and are visited by insects, including small flies and ants. Pollination in species within the flora area varies from chiefly protandrous outcrossing (<i>S. perennis</i>) to chiefly autogamous (<i>S. annuus</i>). L. Svensson (1988) reported that these two species hybridize regularly in Europe, producing flowers with ten reduced, sterile stamens.</p><!-- |
| − | + | --><p>The common name “knawel” apparently refers to the glomerules of flowers (German Knäuel).</p> | |
|tables= | |tables= | ||
|references={{Treatment/Reference | |references={{Treatment/Reference | ||
| − | |id= | + | |id=smissen2002a |
| − | |text= | + | |text=Smissen, R. D. and P. J. Garnock-Jones. 2002. Relationships, classification and evolution of Scleranthus (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from analysis of morphological characters. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 140: 15–29. |
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| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
}}<!-- | }}<!-- | ||
| − | --><!-- | + | --><div class="treatment-key"> |
| + | ==Key== | ||
| + | <div class="treatment-key-group"> | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" | ||
| + | |-id=key-0-1 | ||
| + | |1 | ||
| + | |Sepals with acute apices, spreading to erect in fruit, not overlapping, margins 0.1 mm or less wide; flowers usually equaling or shorter than bracts | ||
| + | |[[Scleranthus annuus|Scleranthus annuus]] | ||
| + | |-id=key-0-1 | ||
| + | |1 | ||
| + | |Sepals with blunt or rounded apices, usually bending together in fruit, overlapping, margins 0.3-0.5 mm wide; flowers usually longer than bracts | ||
| + | |[[Scleranthus perennis|Scleranthus perennis]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | </div></div><!-- | ||
-->{{#Taxon: | -->{{#Taxon: | ||
name=Scleranthus | name=Scleranthus | ||
| − | |author=Richard K. Rabeler | + | |author=John W. Thieret;Richard K. Rabeler |
|authority=Linnaeus | |authority=Linnaeus | ||
|rank=genus | |rank=genus | ||
|parent rank=subfamily | |parent rank=subfamily | ||
| − | |synonyms= | + | |synonyms= |
|basionyms= | |basionyms= | ||
|family=Caryophyllaceae | |family=Caryophyllaceae | ||
| − | |distribution= | + | |illustrator=Barbara Alongi |
| − | |reference= | + | |illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association |
| − | |publication title= | + | |distribution=temperate Europe (including Mediterranean region);Asia;Africa;Australia;widely naturalized elsewhere. |
| − | |publication year= | + | |introduced=true |
| + | |reference=smissen2002a | ||
| + | |publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. | ||
| + | |publication year=;1754 | ||
|special status= | |special status= | ||
| − | |source xml=https:// | + | |source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V5/V5_306.xml |
| − | |subfamily=Caryophyllaceae subfam. | + | |subfamily=Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae |
|genus=Scleranthus | |genus=Scleranthus | ||
| − | }} | + | }}<!-- |
| + | |||
| + | -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:10, 5 November 2020
Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial. Taproots slender. Stems erect to prostrate, branched, terete. Leaves connate proximally, sessile; blade 1-veined, subulate to linear, not succulent, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, lax to dense cymes; bracts paired, foliaceous. Flowers sessile to subsessile; perianth and androecium perigynous; hypanthium urceolate, abruptly expanded distally; sepals 5, distinct, greenish, lanceolate to awl-shaped, 1.5–4 mm, herbaceous, margins whitish, scarious, apex acute to blunt or obtuse; petals absent; nectariferous disc at base of stamens; stamens 2–10, arising from hypanthium rim; filaments distinct; staminodes absent or 5–8, arising from hypanthium rim, filiform; styles 2, capitate, 0.8–1 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 2, terminal, minutely papillate (50×). Utricles ovoid, enclosed in persistent, indurate, shallowly or strongly furrowed, sepal-crowned hypanthium and falling with it, the whole constituting the indehiscent “fruit”; carpophore present. Seeds 1, yellowish, globose, not compressed, smooth, marginal wing absent, appendage absent. x = 11 [12].
Distribution
Introduced; temperate Europe (including Mediterranean region), Asia, Africa, Australia, widely naturalized elsewhere.
Discussion
Species ca. 10 (2 in the flora).
In spite of their small size, most Scleranthus flowers secrete nectar and are visited by insects, including small flies and ants. Pollination in species within the flora area varies from chiefly protandrous outcrossing (S. perennis) to chiefly autogamous (S. annuus). L. Svensson (1988) reported that these two species hybridize regularly in Europe, producing flowers with ten reduced, sterile stamens.
The common name “knawel” apparently refers to the glomerules of flowers (German Knäuel).
Lower Taxa
Key
| 1 | Sepals with acute apices, spreading to erect in fruit, not overlapping, margins 0.1 mm or less wide; flowers usually equaling or shorter than bracts | Scleranthus annuus |
| 1 | Sepals with blunt or rounded apices, usually bending together in fruit, overlapping, margins 0.3-0.5 mm wide; flowers usually longer than bracts | Scleranthus perennis |