Achillea

Perennials [subshrubs], 6–80 cm (usually rhizomatous, sometimes fibrous rooted or taprooted; usually aromatic). Stems 1(–4+, clustered), usually erect, branched mostly distally, glabrous or sparsely to densely lanate (hairs usually basifixed). Leaves basal (often withering before flowering) and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile (bases ± clasping); blades (cauline equaling basal or slightly smaller distally) linear to oblong-lanceolate, usually 1–2[–4]-pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire, abaxial faces sparsely to densely lanate, adaxial faces glabrate to sparsely tomentose. Heads radiate [discoid], in compact to open (± flat-topped), simple or compound, corymbiform arrays [borne singly]. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, mostly 2–3(–5+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 10–30 in (1–)2–3(–4) series, oblong, ovate, or oblanceolate to lanceolate (midribs conspicuous), unequal, margins and apices (pale to black) scarious. Receptacles usually flat to slightly convex, rarely conic, paleate; paleae membranous, ± folded (sometimes each with central resin duct). Ray florets [0] 3–5(–12+), usually pistillate and fertile; corollas usually white (laminae yellow at bases), sometimes pale yellow to pink or purple (tubes ± flattened), laminae orbiculate to suborbiculate (becoming reflexed). Disc florets usually (5–)15–75+, rarely 0, bisexual, fertile; corollas white to grayish or yellowish [yellow, pink], tubes ± flattened (bases ± saccate, clasping apices of cypselae), throats ± campanulate, lobes 5, ± deltate. Cypselae obcompressed, oblong to obovate (margins sometimes winged, apices rounded); ribs usually 2, lateral (sometimes plus 1 adaxial), faces glabrous (pericarps with myxogenic cells, sometimes with resin sacs; embryo sac development monosporic). x = 9.

Distribution

Subtropic to temperate and arctic regions of North America and Eurasia.

Discussion

Species ca. 115 (4 in the flora).

Centers of diversity for Achillea are in Europe and Asia. Achillea ageratum, A. distans, and A. ligustica have been reported as occurring in North America. Labels on herbarium specimens examined indicated that those reports were based on cultivated plants; there is no evidence that any of the three has become established in our flora. Achillea filipendulina may be persistent or established in California (F. Hrusa et al. 2002) and in Michigan (E. Voss 1972–1996, vol. 3).

Achillea includes aromatic herbs with diverse vegetative morphologies. Floral characters show much less variation. Some species are widely cultivated both in Eurasia and North America. Interspecific hybridization has made identifications difficult and has evidently contributed to long lists of synonyms for some species.

Plants of Achillea contain secondary metabolites with purported therapeutic and pharmacologic uses. Native Americans used the plants to treat earaches, diarrhea, and hemorrhages.

Selected References

Clausen, J., D. D. Keck, and W. M. Hiesey. 1948. Experimental studies on the nature of species. III. Environmental responses of climatic races of Achillea. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 581.

Pollard, C. L. 1899. The genus Achillea in North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 26: 365–372.

Tyrl, R. J. 1975. Origin and distribution of polyploid Achillea (Compositae) in western North America. Brittonia 27: 187–196.

Lower Taxa

Achillea alpina, Achillea millefolium, Achillea nobilis, Achillea ptarmica

Key

1	Leaf blades 1–2-pinnately lobed (lobes of single leaves often arrayed in multiple planes)	> 2
1	Leaf blades not lobed (margins usually serrulate, rarely subentire or serrate to doubly serrate)	> 3
2	Phyllaries 20–30 in 3 series; ray florets (3–)5–8, laminae 1.5–3 × 1.5–3 mm; cypselae 1–2 mm	Achillea millefolium
2	Phyllaries 10–13 in (1–)2 series; ray florets 8–10(–13), laminae 1–1.5 × 2–2.5 mm; cypselae 0.75–1 mm	Achillea nobilis
3	Ray laminae 4–5 mm; disc florets 45–75+; leaf margins usually serrulate, rarely subentire.	Achillea ptarmica
3	Ray laminae 1–3 mm; disc florets 25–30+; leaf margins serrate or doubly serrate (teeth antrorse)	Achillea alpina