View source for Chrysosplenium

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Chrysosplenium
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 398. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 189. 1754 ,
}}
|common_names=Golden-saxifrage;dorine
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Saxifragaceae;Chrysosplenium
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Saxifragaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Chrysosplenium]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek chrysos, gold, and splenos, spleen, alluding to color of flowers and to alleged medical properties
|volume=Volume 8
|mention_page=page 43, 45, 46, 71, 109
|treatment_page=page 70
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> rhizomatous, stoloniferous, (rhizomes and stolons with functional leaves or stolon leaves reduced, nonfunctional, scalelike); caudex absent. <b>Flowering</b> stems repent, decumbent, or ascending to erect, leafy or leafless, (1.2–)2–30 cm (often as short as 2 cm in <i>C. wrightii</i>), glabrous or sparsely to densely villous. <b>Leaves</b> cauline or arising from stolons or rhizomes, opposite or alternate; stipules absent; petiole present, glabrous or villous; blade ovate, depressed-ovate, depressed-elliptic, reniform, flabellate, or, sometimes, nearly orbiculate, unlobed, base attenuate, cuneate, truncate, or cordate, ultimate margins subentire, crenate, crenulate, or crenate-dentate, crenae sometimes prominent and margins appearing ± lobed, apex obtuse, rounded, or truncate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely villous to villous; venation palmate. <b>Inflorescences</b> simple or compound cymes, from terminal bud in rosette, 2–30-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary, bracteate. <b>Flowers</b>: hypanthium 1/2–3/4 adnate medially or distally to ovary, 0.5–1.5 mm free from ovary, greenish or yellow-green; sepals 4, yellow, greenish yellow, green, greenish red, reddish orange, or purple, sometimes purple-spotted; petals absent; nectary disc conspicuous or apparently absent; stamens 2–8, usually 4 or 8; filaments lanceolate to narrowly oblong; ovary 1/2–3/4-inferior, 1-locular, carpels connate 3/4–4/5 their lengths; placentation parietal; styles 2; stigmas 2. <b>Capsules</b> (cuplike after dehiscence), 2-beaked (beaks divergent). <b>Seeds</b> dark brown or reddish brown, ellipsoid, ovoid, or spheroid, smooth. <b>x</b> = 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;s South America;Eurasia.
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 60 (6 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>A wide range of chromosome numbers has been reported in <i>Chrysosplenium</i>. M. Nakazawa et al. (1997) and D. E. Soltis et al. (2001b) hypothesized that these numbers arose from an ancestral base of x = 11, with multiple lines of dysploidy (reported as aneuploidy). The historical division of the genus into two major clades—opposite-leaved species and alternate-leaved species—is supported by flavonoid (B. A. Bohm and F. W. Collins 1979) and molecular data (Nakazawa et al.; Soltis et al.). Phylogenetic analyses using the rbcL and matK genes (Nakazawa et al.; Soltis et al.) have provided limited resolution for species-level relationships.</p><!--
--><p>The relationship of the alternate-leaved, North American species to those in Europe and Asia has not been examined in detail. Morphological similarities between the North American species and Eurasian <i>Chrysosplenium</i> alternifolium Linnaeus have caused some authors to treat <i>C. iowense</i>, <i>C. rosendahlii</i>, <i>C. tetrandrum</i>, and <i>C. wrightii</i> as infraspecific taxa of C. alternifolium. Each of them is maintained here as a distinct species pending further studies.</p><!--
--><p>Stamen number can vary among flowers within an inflorescence in some alternate-leaved species (C. O. Rosendahl 1947; J. G. Packer 1963), with lateral flowers sometimes smaller and having fewer stamens than the central flowers. In species usually producing eight stamens, Packer observed that variable stamen numbers resulted from the systematic failure of stamens to develop. Stamens alternating with the styles are suppressed first. In flowers with fewer than four stamens, the stamens alternating with the styles are suppressed. This corresponds with developmental observations made by L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. (1998) in <i>Chrysosplenium</i> alternifolium Linnaeus.</p><!--
--><p>D. B. O. Savile (1953) demonstrated splash-cup dispersal of seeds in <i>Chrysosplenium americanum</i>, reporting a maximum dispersal distance of 40 cm in the laboratory. R. M. Weber (1979) reported a maximum dispersal distance of 30 cm for <i>C. iowense</i> in the field and 45 cm in the laboratory. Among three Japanese species examined in the field, H. Nakanishi (2002) reported a maximum dispersal distance of 116 cm.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=bohm1979a
|text=Bohm, B. A. and F. W. Collins. 1979. Flavonoids of some species of Chrysosplenium. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 7: 195–201.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hara1957a
|text=Hara, H. 1957. Synopsis of the genus Chrysosplenium L. (Saxifragaceae). J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 7: 1–90.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=packer1963a
|text=Packer, J. G. 1963. The taxonomy of some North American species of Chrysosplenium L., section Alternifolia Franchet. Canad. J. Bot. 41: 85–103.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rosendahl1947a
|text=Rosendahl, C. O. 1947. Studies in Chrysosplenium with special reference to the taxonomic status and distribution of C. iowense. Rhodora 40: 25–36.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=soltis2001a
|text=Soltis, D. E. et al. 2001b. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution in Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) based on matK sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 883–893.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves opposite, sometimes alternate distally; inflorescences solitary flowers or open cymes
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves alternate; inflorescences compact cymes
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Anthers purple, red, or orange; leaf blade margins subentire or 5-7(-9)-crenate or -crenulate; seeds puberulent; c, e North America.
|[[Chrysosplenium americanum|Chrysosplenium americanum]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Anthers yellow; leaf blade margins 9-17(-21)-crenate or -crenate-dentate; seeds glabrous; w North America.
|[[Chrysosplenium glechomifolium|Chrysosplenium glechomifolium]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Nectary discs prominent, yellow or purple, 8-lobed; stolons white, tan, or yellowish, 1-2.5(-3) mm diam., usually densely villous, hairs reddish brown; stamens 8; leaves fleshy; petioles of stolon leaves sparsely to densely villous, hairs reddish brown.
|[[Chrysosplenium wrightii|Chrysosplenium wrightii]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Nectary discs apparently absent or yellow, unlobed; stolons white, 0.3-1.2 mm diam., sparsely villous, hairs white, reddish brown, or purplish; stamens 2-8; leaves membranous or fleshy; petioles of stolon leaves sometimes glabrous, usually sparsely villous, hairs white or reddish brown
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Stamens (3-)4; sepals usually erect, sometimes spreading.
|[[Chrysosplenium tetrandrum|Chrysosplenium tetrandrum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Stamens 2-8; sepals spreading
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sepals yellow or greenish yellow, not purple-spotted; temperate or boreal.
|[[Chrysosplenium iowense|Chrysosplenium iowense]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sepals green or greenish yellow, usually purple-spotted distally, rarely not purple-spotted; arctic.
|[[Chrysosplenium rosendahlii|Chrysosplenium rosendahlii]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Chrysosplenium
|author=Craig C. Freeman;Nicholas D. Levsen
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Saxifragaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America;s South America;Eurasia.
|reference=bohm1979a;hara1957a;packer1963a;rosendahl1947a;soltis2001a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V8/V8_139.xml
|genus=Chrysosplenium
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Saxifragaceae]]