View source for Cardamine

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Cardamine
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 654. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 295. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Bittercress
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Dentaria
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Dracamine
|authority=Nieuwland
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Loxostemon
|authority=Hooker f. & Thomson
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Brassicaceae;Brassicaceae tribe Cardamineae;Cardamine
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Brassicaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Brassicaceae tribe Cardamineae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Cardamine]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek kardamon, name for a cress
|volume=Volume 7
|mention_page=page 224, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 244, 485, 489, 492
|treatment_page=page 464
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Annuals,</b> biennials, or perennials; (perennials usually rhizomatous, sometimes tuberiform, stolons present in <i>C. flagellifera</i>, caudex present in <i>C. bellidifolia</i>); not scapose (subscapose in <i>C. bellidifolia</i>); glabrous or pubescent. <b>Stems</b> erect, ascending, decumbent, or prostrate, unbranched or branched. <b>Leaves</b>: cauline, rhizomal, or basal; rhizomal and basal rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins entire, toothed, or 1–3-pinnatisect, or palmately lobed, sometimes trifoliolate, pinnately, palmately, or bipinnately compound (leaflets petiolulate, subsessile, or sessile); cauline (usually alternate, rarely opposite or whorled) petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate, attenuate, or auriculate to sagittate), margins entire, dentate, or variously lobed, (leaflets petiolulate or sessile). <b>Racemes</b> (corymbose or paniculate, bracteate in <i>C. pattersonii</i>), elongated in fruit. <b>Fruiting</b> pedicels erect, ascending, divaricate, or reflexed, slender or stout. <b>Flowers</b>: sepals (caducous), usually erect, rarely spreading or ascending, ovate or oblong, lateral pair saccate or not basally, (usually glabrous, rarely pubescent); petals (rarely absent), white, pink, purple, or lilac, obovate, spatulate, or oblanceolate, claw absent or strongly differentiated from blade, (apex obtuse, rounded, emarginate, or subemarginate); stamens (6, rarely 4), equal in length; filaments not dilated basally; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear, (apex obtuse), glabrous [rarely pubescent]; nectar glands confluent, lateral glands annular or semiannular, subtending bases of stamens, median glands present (2, rarely 4) or absent. <b>Fruits</b> siliques, sessile, usually linear, rarely narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate, smooth or torulose, latiseptate; valves (papery, elastically dehiscent, becoming spirally or circinately coiled) each not veined, glabrous or, rarely, pubescent; replum strongly flattened; septum complete, (membranous); ovules 4–80 per ovary; style usually distinct, rarely obsolete; stigma capitate. <b>Seeds</b> uniseriate, flattened, usually not winged, rarely margined or winged, oblong, ovoid, or globose; seed coat (smooth, minutely reticulate, colliculate, or rugose) mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons accumbent, rarely incumbent. <b>x</b> = 7, 8.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Nearly worldwide.
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 200 (39 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>R. C. Rollins (1993) recognized 50 species and 18 varieties of <i>Cardamine</i> in North America minus Greenland. Of these, 14 species are restricted to Central America and one, C. ×incisa (Eames) K. Schumann, is not recognized here. The oversplitting of some species into poorly delimited varieties is avoided in this account, and four species (<i>C. blaisdellii</i>, <i>C. holmgrenii</i>, <i>C. nymanii</i>, <i>C. umbellata</i>) are added to the flora. <i>Cardamine</i> corymbosa Hooker f., a native of New Zealand, apparently is becoming naturalized in greenhouses and in some gardens in British Columbia, as evidenced from Lomer 4368 (MO), a specimen collected in Sechelt Peninsula on 6 June 2002.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=detling1936a
|text=Detling, L. E. 1936. The genus Dentaria in the Pacific states. Amer. J. Bot. 23: 570–576.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=detling1937a
|text=Detling, L. E. 1937. The Pacific coast species of Cardamine. Amer. J. Bot. 24: 70–76.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=franzke1998a
|text=Franzke, A. et al. 1998. Molecular systematics of Cardamine and allied genera (Brassicaceae): ITS and non-coding chloroplast DNA. Folia Geobot. 33: 225–240.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=franzke2000a
|text=Franzke, A. and H. Hurka. 2000. Molecular systematics and biogeography of the Cardamine pratensis complex (Brassicaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 224: 213–234.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=harriman1965a
|text=Harriman, N. A. 1965. The Genus Dentaria L. (Cruciferae) in Eastern North America. Ph.D. dissertation. Vanderbilt University.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hart1976a
|text=Hart, T. W. and W. H. Eshbaugh. 1976. The biosystematics of Cardamine bulbosa (Muhl.) B.S.P. and C. douglasii Britt. Rhodora 78: 329–419.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=lihova2006a
|text=Lihová, J. and K. Marhold. 2006. Phylogenetic and diversity patterns in Cardamine (Brassicaceae)—A genus with conspicuous polyploid and reticulate evolution. In: A. K. Sharma and A. Sharma, eds. 2003+. Plant Genome: Biodiversity and Evolution. 2+ vols. in parts. Enfield, N.H. Vol. 1, part C, pp. 149–186.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=lovkvist1956a
|text=Lövkvist, B. 1956. The Cardamine pratensis complex—Outlines of its cytogenetics and taxonomy. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 14(2): 1–131.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=marhold2006a
|text=Marhold, H. Kudoh, and M. Koch. 2006. Worldwide phylogeny and biogeography of Cardamine flexuosa (Brassicaceae) and its relatives. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 1206–1221.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=montgomery1955a
|text=Montgomery, F. H. 1955. Preliminary studies in the genus Dentaria in eastern North America. Rhodora 57: 161–173.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=schulz1903a
|text=Schulz, O. E. 1903. Monographie der Gattung Cardamine. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 280–623.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=sweeney2000a
|text=Sweeney, P. W. and R. A. Price. 2000. Polyphyly of the genus Dentaria (Brassicaceae): Evidence from trnL intron and ndhF sequence data. Syst. Bot. 25: 468–478.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Racemes bracteate.
|[[Cardamine pattersonii|Cardamine pattersonii]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Racemes ebracteate
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Cauline leaves (at least some) simple (rarely absent)
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Cauline leaves pinnately or palmately compound, 3-25-foliolate, sometimes pinnatisect and appearing compound
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Petioles of cauline leaves auriculate basally.
|[[Cardamine clematitis|Cardamine clematitis]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Petioles of cauline leaves not auriculate basally (rarely these leaves absent)
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants with distinct caudices; rhizomes absent; cauline leaves 0 or 1 (or 2).
|[[Cardamine bellidifolia|Cardamine bellidifolia]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants without caudices; rhizomes present; cauline leaves 2-23 (sometimes 1 in C. purpurea)
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Petals 0-0.7 mm; fruiting pedicels 0.5-2(-4) mm.
|[[Cardamine longii|Cardamine longii]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Petals 3.5-28 mm; fruiting pedicels (5-)7-50 mm
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Ovules 40-80 per ovary.
|[[Cardamine rotundifolia|Cardamine rotundifolia]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Ovules 10-24 per ovary
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Fruits 0.8-1.6 cm × 0.8-1 mm; anthers ovate, ca. 0.2 mm; petals 3.5-5 × 1.2-1.8 mm.
|[[Cardamine micranthera|Cardamine micranthera]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Fruits (1.5-)2-6 cm × 1.2-4 mm; anthers oblong to linear, 0.6-3 mm; petals (5-)7-28 × 3-7 mm
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Rhizomes (not fleshy), 1-3 mm diam.; rhizomal leaves usually absent
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Rhizomes (fleshy), (3-)4-18 mm diam.; rhizomal leaves present
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Petals 15-28 mm; sepals 6-8 mm.
|[[Cardamine constancei|Cardamine constancei]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Petals 5-12 mm; sepals 2-4.5 mm
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Cauline leaves (3-)5-17(-23); petals white, 7-12 mm; fruits (2-)2.5-3.7(-4) cm; stems 2-7(-10.2) dm.
|[[Cardamine cordifolia|Cardamine cordifolia]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Cauline leaves 1-3; petals usually purple to pink, rarely white, 5-7(-9) mm; fruits 1.5-2.5 cm; stems to 1.5 dm.
|[[Cardamine purpurea|Cardamine purpurea]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Petals 3-5 mm wide; fruits 1.4-2 mm wide; e, c North America
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Petals 4-8 mm wide; fruits 2-4 mm; California
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Petals usually white, rarely pale pink; stem distally glabrous or trichomes 0.02-0.1 mm.
|[[Cardamine bulbosa|Cardamine bulbosa]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Petals usually purple or pink, rarely white; stem distally with trichomes (0.2-)0.3-0.6(-0.8) mm.
|[[Cardamine douglassii|Cardamine douglassii]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Petals white or pale rose, rarely purple, 8-13(-17) mm; ovules 12-22 per ovary; stems (2-)2.7-6(-7) dm; rhizomal leaves usually 3(-7)-foliolate, rarely simple.
|[[Cardamine californica|Cardamine californica]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Petals usually purple or pink, rarely white, 14-18 mm; ovules 10-14 per ovary; stems 1-3 dm; rhizomal leaves simple.
|[[Cardamine pachystigma|Cardamine pachystigma]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Petiole of cauline leaves basally auriculate
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Petiole of cauline leaves not basally auriculate
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Cauline leaves 3-foliolate; perennials (rhizomatous).
|[[Cardamine clematitis|Cardamine clematitis]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Cauline leaves (9-)13-25-foliolate; annuals or biennials.
|[[Cardamine impatiens|Cardamine impatiens]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Annuals or biennials, not rhizomatous
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Perennials, rhizomatous
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Rachises strongly flexuous to geniculate; petals 6-8 mm; fruits (2.5-)3-4.6 × 1.7-2.1 mm.
|[[Cardamine macrocarpa|Cardamine macrocarpa]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Rachises not flexuous (slightly so in C. flexuosa); petals 1.5-4(-5) mm; fruits (0.5-) 1-2.5(-3.2) × 0.6-1.5 mm
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Basal leaves rosulate, persistent to anthesis
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Basal leaves not rosulate, often withered by anthesis
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Stamens usually 4, rarely 5 or 6; fruiting pedicels erect to ascending; fruitsoften appressed to rachis, valves glabrous; seeds narrowly margined.
|[[Cardamine hirsuta|Cardamine hirsuta]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Stamens 6; fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending; fruits often not appressed to rachis, valves sparsely pubescent or glabrous; seeds often not margined (wingless).
|[[Cardamine oligosperma|Cardamine oligosperma]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Lateral leaflets of cauline leaves narrowly oblong, linear or filiform, 1-3 mm wide; fruits 0.6-0.9 mm wide.
|[[Cardamine parviflora|Cardamine parviflora]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Lateral leaflets of cauline leaves orbicular, ovate, elliptic, or oblong, 4-25 mm wide; fruits 0.8-1.5 mm wide
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Rachises slightly flexuous; ovules 18-40 per ovary; plants of waste grounds, disturbed sites.
|[[Cardamine flexuosa|Cardamine flexuosa]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Rachises straight; ovules 40-80 per ovary; plants of margins of wet habitats.
|[[Cardamine pensylvanica|Cardamine pensylvanica]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Rhizomes tuberiform, usually segmented, fragile (segments fusiform, ovoid, oblong, or globose)
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Rhizomes cylindrical, segments not fragile
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Cauline leaves biternate, distal lobes linear.
|[[Cardamine dissecta|Cardamine dissecta]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Cauline leaves 3-11-foliolate, distal lobes not linear
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Cauline leaves 5-11-foliolate.
|[[Cardamine penduliflora|Cardamine penduliflora]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Cauline leaves usually 3-, sometimes 5-7-foliolate, rarely simple
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Rhizomes moniliform; e, c United States
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Rhizomes not moniliform; Pacific North America
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Cauline leaves different from rhizomal leaves, usually alternate, rarely opposite.
|[[Cardamine angustata|Cardamine angustata]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Cauline leaves similar to rhizomal leaves, usually whorled or opposite, rarely alternate.
|[[Cardamine concatenata|Cardamine concatenata]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Middle cauline leaves 5- or 7-foliolate; sepals 1.7-2 mm; petals 4-6 mm.
|[[Cardamine occidentalis|Cardamine occidentalis]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Middle cauline leaves 3(-5)-foliolate; sepals 3.5-5.5 mm; petals 8-15 mm
|[[#key-0-28| > 28]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Cauline leaves 2-5; stems (2-)2.7-6(-7) dm; ovules 12-22 per ovary; petals white or pale rose; California.
|[[Cardamine californica|Cardamine californica]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Cauline leaves 1-3; stems 0.5-2(-3) dm; ovules 8-16 per ovary; petals usually purple to pale pink, rarely white; British Columbia, California, Oregon, Washington.
|[[Cardamine nuttallii|Cardamine nuttallii]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Cauline leaves pinnatisect or (7-)9-21-foliolate
|[[#key-0-30| > 30]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Cauline leaves 3-5(-7)-foliolate
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Leaves thick, veins impressed.
|[[Cardamine nymanii|Cardamine nymanii]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Leaves thin, veins raised.
|[[Cardamine pratensis|Cardamine pratensis]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Rhizomes compact at stem base, stolons present.
|[[Cardamine flagellifera|Cardamine flagellifera]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Rhizomes slender, stolons absent
|[[#key-0-32| > 32]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Rhizomes fleshy, with dentate leaf scars; plants of North America east of the 110th meridian
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Rhizomes not fleshy, without dentate leaf scars; plants of North America west of the 110th meridian
|[[#key-0-34| > 34]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Rhizomes somewhat uniform in diameter; cauline leaves (sub) opposite.
|[[Cardamine diphylla|Cardamine diphylla]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Rhizomes not uniform in diameter (distinctly constricted at intervals); cauline leaves usually alternate, rarely subopposite.
|[[Cardamine maxima|Cardamine maxima]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Plants cespitose, hirsute; petals purple or pink, rarely white.
|[[Cardamine purpurea|Cardamine purpurea]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Plants not cespitose, glabrous or sparsely pubescent or pilose; petals usually white, rarely pink
|[[#key-0-35| > 35]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Basal leaves rosulate; fruiting racemes subumbellate.
|[[Cardamine umbellata|Cardamine umbellata]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Basal leaves absent; fruiting racemes not subumbellate
|[[#key-0-36| > 36]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Sepals 1.2-1.5 mm; petals 2-2.5 × 0.8-1 mm; anthers 0.2-0.3 mm.
|[[Cardamine holmgrenii|Cardamine holmgrenii]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Sepals 2-5 mm; petals 3.5-15 × 1.5-8 mm; anthers 0.7-1.5 mm
|[[#key-0-37| > 37]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Rhizomal leaves absent; ovules 14-28 per ovary.
|[[Cardamine breweri|Cardamine breweri]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Rhizomal leaves present; ovules 6-16(-24) per ovary
|[[#key-0-38| > 38]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Stems hirsute at base; cauline leaves (3 or) 4-8.
|[[Cardamine angulata|Cardamine angulata]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Stems usually glabrous at base, rarely sparsely pilose; cauline leaves 1-3 (or 4)
|[[#key-0-39| > 39]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Rhizomal leaves palmately or subpalmately compound, fleshy; Montana.
|[[Cardamine rupicola|Cardamine rupicola]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Rhizomal leaves pinnately compound, not fleshy; Alaska, Northwest Territories, Yukon
|[[#key-0-40| > 40]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Rhizomal leaves with terminal leaflet blade broadly obovateto suborbicular, margins often 3-5-toothed.
|[[Cardamine blaisdellii|Cardamine blaisdellii]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Rhizomal leaves with terminal leaflet blade linear, narrowly oblong, narrowly oblanceolate, ovate, or elliptic, margins entire
|[[#key-0-41| > 41]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Cauline leaves with terminal leaflet narrowly lanceolate to linear, 1-3.2(-4) cm.
|[[Cardamine digitata|Cardamine digitata]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Cauline leaves with terminal leaflet ovate to elliptic, 0.6-1.3 cm.
|[[Cardamine microphylla|Cardamine microphylla]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Cardamine
|author=Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz;Karol Marhold;Judita Lihová
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=Dentaria;Dracamine;Loxostemon
|basionyms=
|family=Brassicaceae
|distribution=Nearly worldwide.
|reference=detling1936a;detling1937a;franzke1998a;franzke2000a;harriman1965a;hart1976a;lihova2006a;lovkvist1956a;marhold2006a;montgomery1955a;schulz1903a;sweeney2000a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V7/V7_709.xml
|tribe=Brassicaceae tribe Cardamineae
|genus=Cardamine
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Brassicaceae tribe Cardamineae]]