View source for Sisymbrium

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Sisymbrium
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 657. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Hedge-mustard;rocket
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Chamaeplium
|authority=Wallroth
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Norta
|authority=Adanson
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Pachypodium
|authority=Webb & Berthelot
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Schoenocrambe
|authority=Greene
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Velarum
|authority=Reichenbach
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Brassicaceae;Brassicaceae tribe Sisymbrieae;Sisymbrium
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Brassicaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Brassicaceae tribe Sisymbrieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Sisymbrium]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latinized ancient Greek name used by Dioscorides and Pliny for various species of mustards
|volume=Volume 7
|mention_page=page 231, 234, 246, 669, 687
|treatment_page=page 667
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>not scapose; pubescent or glabrous. <b>Stems</b> often erect, sometimes ascending, rarely subprostrate or decumbent, often branched distally, sometimes unbranched. <b>Leaves</b> basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; basal rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins dentate, sinuate, lyrate, runcinate, or pinnately lobed [entire]; cauline similar to basal, (blade smaller distally). <b>Racemes</b> (several-flowered), often considerably elongated in fruit. <b>Fruiting</b> pedicels ascending, divaricate, or erect, slender or stout (sometimes as wide as fruit). <b>Flowers</b>: sepals ovate or oblong, (glabrous or pubescent); petals yellow, obovate, spatulate, oblong, or suborbicular, (longer than sepals), claw differentiated from blade, (subequaling or longer than sepals, apex obtuse or emarginate); stamens tetradynamous; filaments not dilated basally; anthers oblong, (apex obtuse); nectar glands confluent, subtending bases of stamens, median glands present. <b>Fruits</b> usually sessile, rarely shortly stipitate (gynophore to 1 mm), usually linear, rarely lanceolate or subulate, smooth or torulose; valves each with prominent midvein and 2 conspicuous marginal veins, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent; replum rounded; septum complete; style subclavate [clavate, conical, cylindrical]; stigma capitate (lobes not decurrent). <b>Seeds</b> plump, not winged, oblong [ovoid]; seed coat (reticulate or papillate), not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent. <b>x</b> = 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Europe;Asia;Africa;introduced in Central America;South America;Australia.
|discussion=<p>Species 41 (8 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>All except one of the eight species of <i>Sisymbrium</i> in North America are introduced Eurasian weeds. <i>Sisymbrium linifolium</i> (Nuttall) Nuttall was retained in <i>Sisymbrium</i> by both E. B. Payson (1922) and O. E. Schulz (1924). Greene took that species as the type of his genus Schoenocrambe. R. C. Rollins (1982b, 1993) maintained Schoenocrambe and (1993) recognized <i>Sisymbrium</i> auriculatum as the only native North American species of the genus. Molecular studies (S. I. Warwick et al. 2002, 2005) clearly demonstrated that Schoenocrambe should be united with <i>Sisymbrium</i>, that <i>S. linifolium</i> is most closely related to the Eurasian S. polymorphum (Murray) Roth (as was suggested by both Payson and Schulz), that 40 of the 41 species of <i>Sisymbrium</i> are native to the Old World, and that S. auriculatum is a member of the New World Thelypodieae and is unrelated to <i>Sisymbrium</i>. See also Warwick and I. A. Al-Shehbaz (2003) and Al-Shehbaz (2005).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=payson1922a
|text=Payson, E. B. 1922. Species of Sisymbrium native to America north of Mexico. Univ. Wyoming Publ. Sci., Bot. 1(1): 1–27.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rollins1982a
|text=Rollins, R. C. 1982b. Thelypodiopsis and Schoenocrambe (Cruciferae). Contr. Gray Herb. 212: 71–102.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=warwick2002a
|text=Warwick, S. I., I. A. Al-Shehbaz, R. A. Price, and C. A. Sauder. 2002. Phylogeny of Sisymbrium (Brassicaceae) based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Canad. J. Bot. 80: 1002–1017.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=warwick2005a
|text=Warwick, S. I., C. A. Sauder, and I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 2005. Molecular phylogeny and cytological diversity of Sisymbrium (Brassicaceae). In: A. K. Sharma and A. Sharma, eds. 2003+. Plant Genome: Biodiversity and Evolution. 2+ vols. in parts. Enfield, N.H. Vol. 1, part C, pp. 219–250.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Racemes bracteate, flowers fasciculate.
|[[Sisymbrium polyceratium|Sisymbrium polyceratium]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Racemes ebracteate, flowers not fasciculate
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Fruits subulate-linear, (0.7-)1-1.4(-1.8) cm; fruiting pedicels appressed to rachises.
|[[Sisymbrium officinale|Sisymbrium officinale]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Fruits narrowly linear, 2-10(-13) cm; fruiting pedicels not appressed to rachises
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Fruiting pedicels nearly as wide as fruit
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Fruiting pedicels narrower than fruit
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Distal cauline leaf blades divided into linear or filiform lobes; sepals cucullate; fruiting pedicels (4-)6-10(-13) mm.
|[[Sisymbrium altissimum|Sisymbrium altissimum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Distal cauline leaf blades not divided into linear or filiform lobes; sepals not cucullate; fruiting pedicels 1-6 mm
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Fruiting pedicels 1-2(-3) mm; petals 1.4-2(-2.5) mm; seeds 30-46(-54) per fruit.
|[[Sisymbrium erysimoides|Sisymbrium erysimoides]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Fruiting pedicels 3-6 mm; petals (6-)7-9(-10) mm; seeds (60-)80-100(-140) per fruit.
|[[Sisymbrium orientale|Sisymbrium orientale]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Perennials; distalmost cauline leaf blades usually filiform to linear, rarely oblanceolate, 1-3.5(-5) mm wide.
|[[Sisymbrium linifolium|Sisymbrium linifolium]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Annuals; distalmost cauline leaf blades oblanceolate or oblong (in outline), not filiform or linear, 10-30 mm wide
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants usually densely hispid (at least proximally); petals 6-8 mm; young fruits not overtopping flowers.
|[[Sisymbrium loeselii|Sisymbrium loeselii]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants glabrous or sparsely pubescent; petals 2.5-3.5(-4) mm; young fruits overtopping flowers.
|[[Sisymbrium irio|Sisymbrium irio]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Sisymbrium
|author=Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=Chamaeplium;Norta;Pachypodium;Schoenocrambe;Velarum
|basionyms=
|family=Brassicaceae
|distribution=North America;Europe;Asia;Africa;introduced in Central America;South America;Australia.
|reference=payson1922a;rollins1982a;warwick2002a;warwick2005a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V7/V7_1142.xml
|tribe=Brassicaceae tribe Sisymbrieae
|genus=Sisymbrium
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Brassicaceae tribe Sisymbrieae]]