View source for Phalaris arundinacea

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Phalaris arundinacea
|accepted_authority=L.
|publications=
|common_names=Reed canarygrass;Alpiste roseau;Phalaris roseau;Roseau
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Phalaroides arundinacea
|authority=
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Varigata
|authority=
|rank=forma
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Phalaris arundinacea var. picta
|authority=
|rank=variety
}}
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Pooideae;Poaceae tribe Poeae;Phalaris;Phalaris arundinacea
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Pooideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Poeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Phalaris]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Phalaris arundinacea]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 770
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial; not cespitose, rhizomatous, rhizomes scaly. <b>Culms</b> 40-230 cm. <b>Ligules</b> 4-10 (11) mm, truncate, lacerate; blades usually 10-30 cm long, 5-20 mm wide, flag leaf blades 4-15 cm, surfaces scabrous, margins serrate. <b>Panicles</b> 5-40 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, elongate, often dense, always evidently branched, at least near the base; branches to 5 cm, normally appressed but spreading during anthesis, spikelets borne singly, not clustered. <b>Spikelets</b> homogamous, with 3 florets, terminal floret bisexual; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the sterile florets. <b>Glumes</b> subequal, 4-8.1 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, keels smoothly curved, usually scabrous, not or narrowly winged distally, wings to 0.2 mm wide, lateral veins conspicuous, apices acute; sterile florets 2, subequal to equal, 1.5-2 mm, less than 1/2 as long as the bisexual florets, hairy; bisexual florets 2.5-4.2 mm, apices acute to somewhat acuminate; lemmas glabrate proximally, hairy distally and on the margins, dull yellow when immature, shiny gray-brown to brown at maturity, apices acute; anthers 2.5-3 mm. <b>2n</b> = 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Vt.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;N.C.;Tenn.;Pa.;Okla.;Alaska;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Ky.
|discussion=<p><i>Phalaris arundinacea</i> is a circumboreal species, native to north-temperate regions; it occurs, as an introduction, in the Southern Hemisphere. It grows in wet areas such as the edges of lakes, ponds, ditches, and creeks, often forming dense stands; in some areas it is a problematic weed. North American populations may be a mix of native strains, European strains, and agronomic cultivars (Merigliano and Lesica 1998).</p><!--
--><p>The interpretation adopted here is that of Baldini (1995), who treated <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i> sensu stricto as the most widespread species in a complex of three species. The other two species are P. rotgesii (Husn.) Baldini, a diploid that is restricted to France and Italy, and P. caesia Nees, a hexaploid that grows in southern Europe, western Asia, and eastern to southern Africa. <i>Phalaris</i> rotgesii has glumes 2-3.8 mm long, sterile florets 1-1.5 mm long, bisexual florets 2-3 mm long, and anthers about 2 mm long. The corresponding measurements for P. caesia are 6-7 mm, about 2.5 mm, 4-5 mm, and 3.5-4 mm, respectively. Other taxonomists have included P. rotgesii and P. caesia in <i>P. arundinacea</i>. Only <i>P. arundinacea</i> sensu stricto has been found in North America.</p><!--
--><p>A sterile form of <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i> with striped leaves—<i>P. arundinacea</i> <i></i>var.<i> picta</i> L., also referred to as <i>P. arundinacea</i> forma variegata (Parn.) Druce—is known as 'Ribbon Grass' or 'Gardener's Gaiters', and is sometimes grown as an ornamental. Baldini (1995) noted that it sometimes appears to escape, and is never found far from a cultivated stand.</p><!--
--><p><i>Phalaris arundinacea</i> hybridizes with other species of <i>Phalaris</i>. One hybrid, P. xmonspeliensis Daveau [= <i>P. arundinacea</i> x <i>P. aquatica</i>] is grown for forage.</p>
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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Phalaris arundinacea
|authority=L.
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Phalaroides arundinacea;Varigata;Phalaris arundinacea var. picta
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|illustrator=Linda Ann Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková
|illustration copyright=Utah State University
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Vt.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;N.C.;Tenn.;Pa.;Okla.;Alaska;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Ky.
|reference=None
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V24/V24_1093.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Pooideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Poeae
|genus=Phalaris
|species=Phalaris arundinacea
}}<!--

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