View source for Balsamorhiza

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Balsamorhiza
|accepted_authority=Hooker ex Nuttall
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s.
|place=7: 349. 1840
|year=1840
}}
|common_names=Balsamroot
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae;Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae;Balsamorhiza
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subtribe</small>[[Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Balsamorhiza]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek balsamon, a fragrant gum, and rhiza, root; alluding to resiniferous rootstocks
|volume=Volume 21
|mention_page=page 65, 95, 100
|treatment_page=page 93
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Perennials,</b> 10–45(–100) cm (taproots slender or massive, thick- or thin-barked; caudices unbranched or multibranched). <b>Stems</b> erect, branched mostly from bases. <b>Leaves</b> mostly basal; opposite or alternate; petiolate (bases persisting as fibrils); blades (mostly pinnately nerved, sometimes 3- or 5-nerved) either rounded-deltate to triangular-deltate with bases sagittate or cordate to truncate and margins entire or crenate (<i>B. </i>subg.<i> Artorhiza</i>), or blades mostly elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate to lance-ovate or oblong and often 1–2-pinnatifid or -pinnately lobed with bases mostly truncate to cuneate and (if not lobed) margins usually crenate, dentate, or serrate, seldom entire (<i>B. </i>subg.<i> Balsamorhiza</i>), faces usually hirsute, hispid, pilose, puberulent, scabrous, sericeous, strigose, tomentose, or velutinous and gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular, seldom glabrous. <b>Heads</b> radiate, usually borne singly, rarely (2–3+) in ± corymbiform to racemiform arrays (peduncles ± scapiform, usually bearing 2+ leaves or bracts proximally or at mid length). <b>Involucres</b> mostly campanulate or turbinate to hemispheric, 11–30+ mm diam. <b>Phyllaries</b> persistent, 8–20+ in 2–3+ series (subequal to unequal, outer equaling or surpassing inner). <b>Receptacles</b> flat to convex, paleate (paleae persistent, conduplicate, at least at bases, chartaceous). <b>Ray</b> florets 5–21+, pistillate, fertile; corollas usually yellow to orange, rarely becoming brick red (<i>B. rosea</i>). <b>Disc</b> florets (15–)50–150+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow to orange, tubes much shorter than cylindric throats, lobes 5, ± deltate (style branches stigmatic in 2 barely distinct lines, appendages filiform). <b>Cypselae</b> obscurely prismatic, weakly 3–4-angled (faces usually glabrous, strigose in some <i>B. careyana</i> and in <i>B. rosea</i>); pappi 0. <b>x</b> = 19.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=w North America.
|discussion=<p>Species 12 (12 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p><i>Balsamorhiza</i> ×bonseri H. St. John refers to a hybrid derivative involving <i>B. sagittata</i> and <i>B. rosea</i>. The plants have the habit of <i>B. sagittata</i> and the reddish ray corollas of <i>B. rosea</i>. The cypselae are hairy.</p><!--
--><p><i>Balsamorhiza</i> ×terebinthacea (Hooker) Nuttall and <i>B. macrophylla</i> var. terebinthacea (Hooker) A. Nelson refer to hybrids derived from <i>B. hookeri</i> × <i>B. deltoidea</i>.</p><!--
--><p>In the key and descriptions here, “leaves” refers to basal leaves and “leaf blades” refers to blades of basal leaves, unless otherwise indicated.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=moore2003a
|text=Moore, A. J. and L. Bohs. 2003. An ITS phylogeny of Balsamorhiza and Wyethia (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). Amer. J. Bot. 90: 1653–1660.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ownbey1943a
|text=Ownbey, M. and W. A. Weber. 1943. Natural hybridization in the genus Balsamorhiza. Amer. J. Bot. 30: 179–187.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=weber1953a
|text=Weber, W. A. 1953. Balsamorhiza terebinthacea and other hybrid balsam-roots. Madroño 12: 47–49.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves (petioles mostly longer than blades): blades rounded-deltate or deltate to triangular-deltate, bases sagittate or cordate to truncate, margins usually entire, sometimes crenate to dentate (subg. Artorhiza)
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves (petioles mostly shorter than blades): blades mostly lanceolate, lance-elliptic, lance-ovate, linear-oblong, oblong, or ovate, often 1–2-pinnatifid or -pinnately lobed, bases usually truncate to cuneate, sometimes cordate, ultimate margins usually crenate, dentate, or serrate, seldom entire (subg. Balsamorhiza)
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Heads usually borne singly, sometimes 2–3+; leaves ± silvery to white, faces (at least the abaxial) sericeous, tomentose, tomentulose, or velutinous
|[[Balsamorhiza sagittata|Balsamorhiza sagittata]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Heads 2–3+ or borne singly; leaves green, faces glabrous or finely hispidulous to hirtellous
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Heads usually (2–)3+, sometimes borne singly; leaf margins usually entire, sometimes crenate (to dentate near bases), faces usually finely hispidulous to hirtellous (cypselae strigose or glabrous)
|[[Balsamorhiza careyana|Balsamorhiza careyana]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Heads usually borne singly, sometimes 2+; leaf margins usually crenate to dentate (at least near bases), sometimes entire, faces usually sparsely hirtellous to hispidulous, sometimes glabrous (usually gland-dotted, sometimes vernicose; cypselae glabrous)
|[[Balsamorhiza deltoidea|Balsamorhiza deltoidea]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf blades sometimes pinnately lobed (ultimate margins usually crenate-serrate, dentate, or serrate)
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf blades usually 1–2-pinnatifid
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades (earliest sometimes, later seldom, pinnately lobed): margins usually dentate to serrate, faces hirsutulous to scabrous (ray corollas yellow, not becoming red or chartaceous; cypselae glabrous)
|[[Balsamorhiza serrata|Balsamorhiza serrata]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades (rarely pinnately lobed): margins crenate-serrate, faces finely strigose to moderately scabrous (ray corollas yellow at anthesis, becoming red, drying pinkand chartaceous; cypselae strigose)
|[[Balsamorhiza rosea|Balsamorhiza rosea]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves grayish, silvery, or white, faces lanate-tomentose, sericeous, tomentose, or villous
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves bright green to gray-green, faces glabrous or hirsute, hirtellous, hispid, hispidulous, pilose, piloso-hirtellous, scabrous, sericeous, strigillose, strigose, subvelutinous, or tomentose (sometimes gland-dotted as well)
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves: faces densely sericeous; n California, s Oregon
|[[Balsamorhiza sericea|Balsamorhiza sericea]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves: faces lanate-tomentose, tomentose, or villous; n California, Oregon, Washington
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades ovate to lanceolate, 10–45 × 3–7(–10) cm (1-pinnatifid, lobes ovate to lanceolate, 20–50 × 5–25 mm), margins plane; Oregon, Washington
|[[Balsamorhiza incana|Balsamorhiza incana]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades lanceolate to linear-oblong, 10–20 × 3–6(–8) cm (1–2-pinnatifid, primary lobes lance-linear to oblong, 5–40 × 1–10 mm, margins revo-lute); n California
|[[Balsamorhiza lanata|Balsamorhiza lanata]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades 30–60 cm, 1-pinnatifid or nearly so; outer phyllaries usually much surpassing inner
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades 6–40 cm, usually 1–2-pinnatifid; outer phyllaries seldom surpassing inner
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Leaves: faces strigillose to subvelutinous or tomentose (margins not cili-ate); ray laminae 20–30+ mm
|[[Balsamorhiza macrolepis|Balsamorhiza macrolepis]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Leaves: faces scabrous or piloso-hirtellous to pilose (at least adaxial, mar- gins ciliate); ray laminae 35–50+ mm
|[[Balsamorhiza macrophylla|Balsamorhiza macrophylla]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blades bright green, lance-elliptic to lanceolate, (6–)15–25(–40) × (3–)5–9+ cm (primary lobes lanceolate to oblanceolate, 10–45 × 2–15 mm),faces hispidulous to hirtellous
|[[Balsamorhiza hispidula|Balsamorhiza hispidula]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blades usually gray-green, narrowly to broadly lanceolate or ovate, (8–)20–30(–40) × 2–15 cm (primary lobes oblong or lanceolate to linear, 5–100 × 0.5–15 mm), faces hirsute, sericeous, or strigose
|[[Balsamorhiza hookeri|Balsamorhiza hookeri]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Balsamorhiza
|author=William A. Weber
|authority=Hooker ex Nuttall
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subtribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=w North America.
|reference=moore2003a;ownbey1943a;weber1953a
|publication title=Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s.
|publication year=1840
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V19-20-21/V21_217.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae
|subtribe=Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae
|genus=Balsamorhiza
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae]]