View source for Phyllanthus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Phyllanthus
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 981. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Leafflower
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Reverchonia
|authority=A. Gray
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Phyllanthaceae;Phyllanthus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Phyllanthaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Phyllanthus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek phyllon, leaf, and anthos, flower, alluding to apparent production of flowers on leaves (actually plagiotropic branchlets) of some species
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 328, 329, 334, 336, 339, 342, 344, 345, 347
|treatment_page=page 335
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> shrubs, or trees, annual or perennial, terrestrial (<i>P. fluitans</i> floating aquatic), usually monoecious, sometimes dioecious, glabrous or hairy, hairs simple [branched]; branching phyllanthoid or not. <b>Stems</b> erect to prostrate. <b>Leaves</b> persistent or deciduous, alternate, simple, all well developed, scalelike on main stems and well developed on ultimate branchlets, or rarely all scalelike; stipules persistent; blade margins entire. <b>Inflorescences</b> unisexual or bisexual, cymules or flowers solitary. <b>Pedicels</b> present, pistillate sometimes elongating in fruit. <b>Staminate</b> flowers: sepals 4–6, connate basally; petals 0; nectary extrastaminal, 4–6 glands (intrastaminal, annular, 4-lobed in <i>P. warnockii</i>); stamens 2–5[–15]; filaments distinct or partially to completely connate; connectives not extending beyond anthers; pistillode absent. <b>Pistillate</b> flowers: sepals persistent, (4–)5–6, connate basally; petals 0; nectary annular to cupular, entire or lobed, or distinct glands [absent]; pistil 3(–4)-carpellate; styles 3(–4), distinct or connate to 1/2 length, 2-fid [rarely unbranched]. <b>Fruits</b> capsules or drupes. <b>Seeds</b> 2 per locule, rounded-trigonous; seed coat dry, verrucose, papillate, ribbed, or smooth; caruncle absent. <b>x</b> = 8, 9, 13.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia;introduced in Bermuda;Atlantic Islands;(Macaronesia);primarily tropical and subtropical regions.
|discussion=<p>Species 800–850 (16 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p><i>Phyllanthus</i> is by far the largest genus in Phyllanthaceae and shows tremendous diversity in habit, from trees to small annual herbs, including a floating aquatic herb. Most species exhibit phyllanthoid branching (G. L. Webster 1956–1958), with well-developed leaves and flowers produced only on the ultimate branchlets, which in woody species are deciduous, and scalelike leaves on all other stems (referred to as main stems in this treatment; see family discussion for more details). Phylogenetic studies using DNA sequence data suggest that phyllanthoid branching evolved once and has been lost repeatedly, including within the clades containing <i>P. caroliniensis</i> and <i>P. warnockii</i> (H. Kathriarachchi et al. 2006). These studies also indicated that <i>Phyllanthus</i> is paraphyletic and that few of the subgenera and sections used by Webster (1956–1958, 1967) are monophyletic (K. Wurdack et al. 2004; Kathriarachchi et al. 2005, 2006; P. Hoffmann et al. 2006). However, it is premature to revise the classification of the genus (Kathriarachchi et al. 2006) and the sequence of species used here generally follows the classification by Webster (1956–1958, 1967, 1970). Exceptions are <i>P. warnockii</i>, which he treated as the sole member of Reverchonia but molecular phylogenetic studies show to be embedded in <i>Phyllanthus</i> (Kathriarachchi et al. 2006), and <i>P. fluitans</i>, which he did not treat; the latter species appears to be closely related to <i>P. caroliniensis</i> (Kathriarachchi et al. 2006).</p><!--
--><p>A number of <i>Phyllanthus</i> species are of economic importance. Some cladode-producing species, especially <i>P. angustifolius</i> and P. epiphyllanthus Linnaeus, are grown as ornamental shrubs in tropical and subtropical areas (and in hothouses elsewhere); the former species has become sparingly naturalized in south Florida. Otaheite (or Tahitian) gooseberry tree, <i>P. acidus</i>, is grown throughout the tropics for its tart drupes; it has naturalized in south Florida. The floating aquatic herb <i>P. fluitans</i> (floating spurge or red root floater), is increasingly popular for use in tropical fish aquaria. Both <i>P. amarus</i> and <i>P. urinaria</i> have become weeds throughout tropical and subtropical areas, including the southeastern United States, and the American <i>P. caroliniensis</i> has become a weed in southeast Asia. Several annual species, notably <i>P. niruri</i> and <i>P. urinaria</i>, are widely used in folk medicine to treat a variety of ailments, especially urinary problems, and are now the subject of intense pharmacological research.</p><!--
--><p>In <i>Phyllanthus</i>, taxa that are not consistently distinct morphologically but are geographically disjunct are recognized as subspecies (for example, <i>P. caroliniensis</i> subspp. caroliniensis and saxicola). Those that intergrade morphologically and geographically, as in <i>P. abnormis</i>, are treated as varieties.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=webster1963a
|text=Webster, G. L. and K. I. Miller. 1963. The genus Reverchonia (Euphorbiaceae). Rhodora 65: 193–207.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=webster1970a
|text=Webster, G. L. 1970. A revision of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) in the continental United States. Brittonia 22: 44–76.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Floating aquatic herbs.
|[[Phyllanthus fluitans|Phyllanthus fluitans]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Terrestrial herbs, shrubs, or trees.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Branching not phyllanthoid; leaves all well developed.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves distichous; staminate sepals 0.5–0.7 mm.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Stems terete, not winged; capsules 1.6–2 mm diam.; seeds 0.7–1.1 mm.
|[[Phyllanthus caroliniensis|Phyllanthus caroliniensis]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Stems proximally terete, distally compressed, winged; capsules 2.8–3.2 mm diam.; seeds 1.3–1.5 mm.
|[[Phyllanthus evanescens|Phyllanthus evanescens]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves spiral; staminate sepals 0.7–2.5 mm.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sepals dark reddish purple, medially incurved and distally spreading; stamens 2, filaments distinct; staminate nectary intrastaminal, annular, 4-lobed; capsules 7–9.8 mm diam.; seeds mottled, (4.4–)4.7–6.2(–6.6) mm.
|[[Phyllanthus warnockii|Phyllanthus warnockii]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sepals green, greenish yellow, or pale brown, sometimes suffused with red, flat; stamens 3, filaments connate 2/3+ length; staminate nectary extrastaminal, 6 glands; capsules 2–4 mm diam.; seeds uniformly colored, 0.9–1.8 mm.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Shrubs; leaf blades 1.5–3.5(–5) × 0.7–1.5 mm, apices pungent; staminate pedicels 0.6–0.8 mm, pistillate 0.9–1.2 mm; capsules 2 mm diam.; seeds 0.9–1 mm.
|[[Phyllanthus ericoides|Phyllanthus ericoides]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Perennial herbs; leaf blades 5–24 × 1.5–10 mm, apices rounded, mucronulate, or apiculate; staminate pedicels 1.5–3.5 mm, pistillate 2.5–8 mm; capsules 2.7–4 mm diam.; seeds (1.1–)1.2–1.8 mm.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Herbs with woody caudices; leaf blades 5–10 × 1.5–5 mm; pistillate sepals 1.5–2.5 mm; capsules 2.7–3.2 mm diam.; seeds (1.1–)1.2–1.4(–1.5) mm.
|[[Phyllanthus polygonoides|Phyllanthus polygonoides]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Herbs with rhizomes; leaf blades 10–24 × 5–10 mm; pistillate sepals 2.8–3.5 mm; capsules 4 mm diam.; seeds 1.7–1.8 mm.
|[[Phyllanthus liebmannianus|Phyllanthus liebmannianus]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Branching phyllanthoid; leaves on main stems scalelike, on ultimate branchlets well developed or scalelike.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Shrubs or trees.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Ultimate branchlets terete; leaves on ultimate branchlets well developed, deciduous with branchlets; fruits drupes.
|[[Phyllanthus acidus|Phyllanthus acidus]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Ultimate branchlets flat (cladodes); leaves on ultimate branchlets scalelike, caducous; fruits capsules.
|[[Phyllanthus angustifolius|Phyllanthus angustifolius]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Herbs.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Stamens 5, filaments distinct; pistillate pedicels flexuous and pendent in fruit.
|[[Phyllanthus tenellus|Phyllanthus tenellus]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Stamens 2–3, filaments connate; pistillate pedicels spreading in fruit.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blade abaxial surfaces hispidulous near margins; staminate pedicels 0.1–0.2 mm, pistillate 0.3–0.5 mm; capsules ± tuberculate; seeds transversely ribbed.
|[[Phyllanthus urinaria|Phyllanthus urinaria]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blade abaxial surfaces glabrous or scabridulous; staminate pedicels 0.2–1.8 mm, pistillate (1–)1.2–7 mm; capsules smooth; seeds verrucose or longitudinally ribbed.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Pistillate sepals 3–3.5 mm, pinnately veined; staminate sepals 1.5–3 mm; seeds verrucose, 1.5–1.8 mm; capsules 3.5 mm diam.; pistillate nectary annular, unlobed.
|[[Phyllanthus niruri|Phyllanthus niruri]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Pistillate sepals (0.5–)0.7–1.5 mm, 1-veined or obscurely veined; staminate sepals 0.3–1 mm; seeds longitudinally ribbed, 0.8–1.5 mm; capsules 1.7–2.7 mm diam.; pistillate nectary 3 glands or annular and 5–9-lobed.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Perennial herbs; stipules of main stems dark brown, auriculate; capsules 1.7–1.9 mm diam.; seeds 0.8–0.9 mm.
|[[Phyllanthus pentaphyllus|Phyllanthus pentaphyllus]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Annual herbs; stipules of main stems pale green to pale brown, not auriculate; capsules 1.9–2.7 mm diam.; seeds 0.9–1.5 mm.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Ultimate branchlets narrowly winged, main stems angled; distal inflorescences of solitary pistillate flowers.
|[[Phyllanthus fraternus|Phyllanthus fraternus]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Ultimate branchlets not winged, main stems terete; distal inflorescences of 1 pistillate flower and 1–3 staminate flowers.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Pistillate nectary annular, 5–7-lobed; staminate sepals 5(–6); capsules 1.9–2.1 mm diam.; seeds 0.9–1 mm.
|[[Phyllanthus amarus|Phyllanthus amarus]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Pistillate nectary 3 glands; staminate sepals 5–6 in flowers of basal cymules, 4 in flowers of distal cymules; capsules 2.3–2.7 mm diam.; seeds 1.1–1.5 mm.
|[[Phyllanthus abnormis|Phyllanthus abnormis]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Phyllanthus
|author=Geoffrey A. Levin
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Reverchonia
|basionyms=
|family=Phyllanthaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia;introduced in Bermuda;Atlantic Islands;(Macaronesia);primarily tropical and subtropical regions.
|reference=webster1963a;webster1970a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V12/V12_119.xml
|genus=Phyllanthus
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Phyllanthaceae]]