View source for Fritillaria

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Fritillaria
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 303. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 144. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Fritillary
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Liliaceae;Fritillaria
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Liliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Fritillaria]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin, fritillus, checkered, alluding to the markings on the tepals of many species
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 15, 58, 173
|treatment_page=page 164
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, bulbose; bulbs with 1–several large fleshy scales and 0–many small scales (often called rice-grain bulblets). <b>Stem</b> 1, erect, simple, absent in nonflowering individuals. <b>Leaves</b> alternate or whorled proximally in some species, sessile; blade linear to ± ovate; nonflowering individuals with single elliptical, ovate, or obovate “bulb-leaf.” Inflorescences loosely racemose, bracteate; bracts leaflike. <b>Flowers</b> 1–many, usually nodding, 3-merous; perianth hypogynous, campanulate or cupulate; tepals 6, in 2 similar whorls, distinct, nectaries present on all tepals, but better developed on inner ones; stamens 6, included; anthers adnate to filaments near middle; ovary superior, ± sessile; style unbranched or 3-branched. <b>Fruits</b> capsular, 3-locular, 6-angled or -winged, thin-walled, ± rounded, dehiscence loculicidal. <b>Seeds</b> many, in 2 rows per locule, yellowish to brownish, flat. <b>x</b> = 12, 13, often with chromosome fragments.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Northern Hemisphere.
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 100 (20 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>A number of <i>Fritillaria</i> species are grown as ornamentals, although North American species can be difficult to grow and many have not been tried. Most require well-drained soil, full sun, and no summer watering. Native Americans used the bulbs of various species as food, typically roasted, sometimes dried for later use.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=beck1951a
|text=Beck, C. H. 1951. Fritillaries: A Gardener’s Introduction to the Genus Fritillaria. London.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=beetle1944a
|text=Beetle, D. F. 1944. A monograph of the North American species of Fritillaria. Madroño 7: 133–159.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=farrens1947a
|text=Farrens, B. M. 1947. A Taxonomic Study of the North American Species of Fritillaria. M.A. thesis. Stanford University.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=marchant1981a
|text=Marchant, C. J. 1981. Fritillaria in British Columbia. Davidsonia 12: 19–25.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rix1975a
|text=Rix, E. M. and D. Rast. 1975. Nectar sugars and subgeneric classification in Fritillaria. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 2: 207–209.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=santana1984a
|text=Santana, D. O. 1984. Morphological and Anatomical Observations on the Bulbs and Tepals of Fritillaria (Liliaceae) Section Liliorhiza (Kellogg) Watson, Their Taxonomic Implications with a Synopsis and the Reproductive Biology of the Section. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Davis.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=stapf1934a
|text=Stapf, O. 1934. Lilium, Notholirion and Fritillaria. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934: 94–96.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=turner1983c
|text=Turner, N. J. and H. V. Kuhnlein. 1983. Camas (Camassia spp.) and riceroot (Fritillaria spp.): Two liliaceous “root” foods of the Northwest Coast Indians. Ecol. Food Nutr. 13: 199–219.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=turrill1950a
|text=Turrill, W. B. 1950. Character combinations and distribution in the genus Fritillaria and allied genera. Evolution 4: 1–6.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=turrill1980a
|text=Turrill, W. B. and J. R. Sealy. 1980. Studies in the genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae). Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 39.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Style unbranched or rarely with branches shorter than 1.5 mm; tepals never scarlet.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Style obviously branched, branches longer than 1.5 mm; tepals sometimes scarlet.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Tepals shorter than 2 cm or, if longer, then yellow to orange.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Tepals 2 cm or longer, white to pink or pinkish purple.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves whorled proximally; tepals pinkish to purplish; s California.
|[[Fritillaria brandegeei|Fritillaria brandegeei]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves subopposite to scattered; tepals yellow to orange; n California to British Columbia, e to Wyoming.
|[[Fritillaria pudica|Fritillaria pudica]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Tepals pinkish purple, obovate, apex rounded to acute, not recurved; flowers not noticeably fragrant; n California.
|[[Fritillaria pluriflora|Fritillaria pluriflora]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Tepals white to pink, oblanceolate, apex acute to apiculate, usually recurved; flowers fragrant; s California.
|[[Fritillaria striata|Fritillaria striata]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Tepals red or scarlet, sometimes to maroon or purplish, clearly checkered or mottled, apex usually recurved, sometimes only spreading.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Tepals sometimes mottled or rarely scarlet, but never both, apex not recurved, only rarely slightly recurved.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Perianth slender; tepal apex usually strongly recurved, nectaries ¼ tepal length or less; style branches ± erect; n California, s Oregon, w Nevada.
|[[Fritillaria recurva|Fritillaria recurva]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Perianth broadly campanulate; tepal apex spreading, not recurved, nectaries 1/2 tepal length; style branches widely spreading; s Oregon.
|[[Fritillaria gentneri|Fritillaria gentneri]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves more than 10 or in whorls of 2–6(–9) per node proximally, blade linear to narrowly to broadly lanceolate to rarely ovate.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves 10 or fewer and/or alternate, blade sometimes sickle-shaped.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Flowers ± erect, occasionally nodding; distal leaves usually ca. 1/3–1/2 length of proximalmost leaf; leaves often longer than inflorescence; only in California.
|[[Fritillaria pinetorum|Fritillaria pinetorum]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Flowers nodding or occasionally spreading; distal leaves usually ± equaling proximalmost leaf; leaves usually shorter than inflorescence; more widespread.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Tepals purplish brown, mottled yellow or white; leaves 2–3 per node proximally; 1000–3200 m, especially inland mountains.
|[[Fritillaria atropurpurea|Fritillaria atropurpurea]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Tepals greenish white, greenish yellow to red, purplish, or nearly black, mottled or not; leaves usually more than 3 per node proximally; 0–1800 m, especially in coastal mountains.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Tepals dull greenish yellow, dark-dotted, nectaries widely elliptic to ± diamond-shaped, paler than tepals; s California.
|[[Fritillaria ojaiensis|Fritillaria ojaiensis]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Tepals greenish white, pale green or greenish yellow to red, purplish, or almost black, sometimes mottled, nectaries lanceolate or linear, variously colored; s California to Alaska.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Tepals pale green to almost black, not mottled, nectaries ca. 1/2 tepal length, green; small bulb scales 0–4; s California.
|[[Fritillaria viridea|Fritillaria viridea]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Tepals greenish white, pale greenish yellow to red, greenish brown to purplish, or pale yellowish green, sometimes mottled, nectaries variously colored, less than 1/2 tepal length (nearly equaling tepal length in F. camschatcensis, but very narrow and obscure; to 2/3 tepal length in F. affinis); small bulb scales usually 10 or more, rarely fewer; c California to Alaska.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Tepals usually 2 cm or longer, often clearly purple- or yellow-mottled.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Tepals usually shorter than 2 cm, mottling absent or faint.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Tepals clearly purple- or yellow-mottled and small bulb scales 20 or fewer, or tepals not mottled and bulb scales 50 or more; nectaries lanceolate, to 2/3 tepal length; flower odor not unpleasant.
|[[Fritillaria affinis|Fritillaria affinis]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Tepals dark greenish brown to brownish purple; small bulb scales 30 or more; nectaries obscure, linear, ± equaling tepal length; flower odor unpleasant.
|[[Fritillaria camschatcensis|Fritillaria camschatcensis]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Style branches barely recurved; tepals greenish yellow to red, apex usually flared to slightly recurved, nectaries green, gold, or yellow.
|[[Fritillaria eastwoodiae|Fritillaria eastwoodiae]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Style branches strongly recurved; tepals purplish to greenish white, apex not flared or recurved, nectaries greenish white, dotted purple.
|[[Fritillaria micrantha|Fritillaria micrantha]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Tepals clearly mottled; small bulb scales usually 10 or more, rarely fewer.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Tepals not clearly mottled; small bulb scales fewer than 10.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaf blade sickle-shaped; flowers erect; San Francisco Bay region and s coastal mountains of California.
|[[Fritillaria falcata|Fritillaria falcata]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaf blade usually not sickle-shaped; flowers usually horizontal or nodding, sometimes ± erect; not in San Francisco Bay region and s coastal mountains of California.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Leaves 2–10, blade ovate, a few sometimes sickle-shaped; tepals white, spotted purple; small bulb scales 0–3.
|[[Fritillaria purdyi|Fritillaria purdyi]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Leaves usually 4 or more, blade linear to lanceolate; tepals purplish brown, mottled greenish yellow, yellow, or white; small bulb scales 45–50.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Flowers nodding; distal leaves slightly less than or equaling proximalmost leaf, leaves usually shorter than inflorescence.
|[[Fritillaria atropurpurea|Fritillaria atropurpurea]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Flowers ± erect; distal leaves usually 1/3–1/2 length of proximalmost leaf; leaves longer than inflorescence.
|[[Fritillaria pinetorum|Fritillaria pinetorum]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Leaves 2–4, blade sickle-shaped.
|[[Fritillaria glauca|Fritillaria glauca]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Leaves usually more than 4, blade not sickle-shaped.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Nectaries obscure, forming narrow band 1/2–2/3 tepal length; tepals white, striped green; flowers odorless or faintly fragrant; coastal.
|[[Fritillaria liliacea|Fritillaria liliacea]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Nectaries prominent, forming narrow band 2/3 to equaling tepal length; tepals brown, purplish brown, or greenish purple at least adaxially; flowers odorless or with unpleasant odor; inland.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Tepals greenish white or yellow abaxially, purplish brown adaxially; flower odor definitely unpleasant; usually in clay depressions.
|[[Fritillaria agrestis|Fritillaria agrestis]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Tepals dark brown to greenish purple or yellowish green; flowers odorless or sometimes with unpleasant odor; usually on hillsides and mesas.
|[[Fritillaria biflora|Fritillaria biflora]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Fritillaria
|author=Bryan Ness
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Liliaceae
|distribution=Northern Hemisphere.
|reference=beck1951a;beetle1944a;farrens1947a;marchant1981a;rix1975a;santana1984a;stapf1934a;turner1983c;turrill1950a;turrill1980a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f50eec43f223ca0e34566be0b046453a0960e173/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V26/V26_278.xml
|genus=Fritillaria
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Liliaceae]]