View source for Polystichum munitum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Polystichum munitum
|accepted_authority=(Kaulfuss) C. Presl
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Tent. Pterid.
|place=83. 1836
|year=1836
}}
|common_names=Common sword fern
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Aspidium munitum
|authority=Kaulfuss
|rank=species
|publication_title=Enum. Filic.,
|publication_place=236. 1824
}}
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Dryopteridaceae;Polystichum;Polystichum munitum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Dryopteridaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Polystichum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Polystichum munitum]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 2
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Stems </b>erect or ascending. <b>Leaves</b> arching, 5–18 dm; bulblets absent. <b>Petiole</b> 1/8–1/4 length of leaf, densely scaly; scales red-brown to dark brown or nearly black, gradually diminishing in size distally. <b>Blade</b> linear-lanceolate, 1-pinnate, base slightly narrowed. <b>Pinnae</b> narrowly lanceolate, straight to falcate, not overlapping, pinnae of shade-growing plants in 1 plane, those of sun-growing plants twisted or contorted, 1–15 cm; base ± cuneate, auricles well developed; margins serrulate-spiny with teeth ascending; apex acuminate with subapical teeth same size as apical tooth; microscales ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, with contorted projections, dense, on abaxial surface only. <b>Indusia</b> ciliate. <b>Spores</b> light yellow. <b>2n</b> = 82.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|habitat=Terrestrial, forest floor, only occasionally on rock, in mesic coniferous to moist, mixed evergreen forests
|elevation=0–2200 m
|distribution=B.C.;Calif.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;S.Dak.;Wash.;Mexico on Guadalupe Island;naturalized in Europe.
|discussion=<p>One of the most abundant ferns in the western flora (rivaled only by <i>Pteridium</i>), <i>Polystichum munitum</i> also is of significant economic importance. Enormous quantities of leaves are gathered for backgrounds in funeral wreaths and other floral displays; the evergreen leaves keep well in cold storage and are exported to Europe. It is extensively used in landscaping, the trade being mainly in wild-collected plants.</p><!--
--><p><i>Polystichum munitum</i> appears to be most closely related to <i>P. imbricans</i> based on morphologic (D. H. Wagner 1979) and electrophoretic (P. S. Soltis et al. 1990) analyses. The chloroplast DNA of <i>P. imbricans</i>, however, is divergent (G. Yatskievych et al. 1988), suggesting a chloroplast origin independent of the nuclear genome. That <i>Polystichum munitum</i> is related to <i>P. acrostichoides</i> is supported by data from chloroplast DNA analysis (G. Yatskievych et al. 1988) but contradicted by data from electrophoretic studies (P. S. Soltis et al. 1990).</p><!--
--><p><i>Polystichum munitum</i> can be distinguished from <i>P. imbricans</i> by its persistent, wide (the largest wider than 1 mm) distal petiolar scales; such scales of <i>P. imbricans</i> are less than 1 mm wide and fall off early.</p><!--
--><p>From an evolutionary standpoint, <i>Polystichum munitum</i> is a diploid progenitor of <i>P. andersonii</i>, <i>P. californicum</i>, <i>P. setigerum</i>, and, perhaps, <i>P. scopulinum</i>. Hybrids with all except <i>P. setigerum</i> have been reported, all triploid, attesting to its parental role in the tetraploids (see discussion under each). Hybrids with <i>P. braunii</i> (A. Sleep and T. Reichstein 1967), <i>P. kruckebergii</i> (P. S. Soltis et al. 1987), <i>P. dudleyi</i> (W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973), and <i>P. lemmonii</i> (P. S. Soltis et al. 1989) also have been reported.</p><!--
--><p>The population on Guadalupe Island has been called <i>Polystichum</i> solitarium Maxon.</p>
|tables=
|references=
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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Polystichum munitum
|authority=(Kaulfuss) C. Presl
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=
|basionyms=Aspidium munitum
|family=Dryopteridaceae
|habitat=Terrestrial, forest floor, only occasionally on rock, in mesic coniferous to moist, mixed evergreen forests
|elevation=0–2200 m
|distribution=B.C.;Calif.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;S.Dak.;Wash.;Mexico on Guadalupe Island;naturalized in Europe.
|reference=None
|publication title=Tent. Pterid.
|publication year=1836
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f50eec43f223ca0e34566be0b046453a0960e173/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V2/V2_179.xml
|genus=Polystichum
|species=Polystichum munitum
}}<!--

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