View source for Primulaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Primulaceae
|accepted_authority=Batsch ex Borkhausen
|publications=
|common_names=Primrose Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Primulaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Primulaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 8
|mention_page=page 251, 252, 258, 303
|treatment_page=page 257
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Annual </b>or perennial (rarely biennial) herbs (suffrutescent in some <i>Primula</i>), sometimes somewhat succulent (<i>Androsace</i>), sometimes rhizomatous (<i>Primula</i>), sometimes stoloniferous (<i>Primula</i>), sometimes with glandular hairs producing crystalline substance that forms farinose coating (<i>Primula</i>); resin canals sometimes present (<i>Hottonia</i>). <b>Stems</b> sometimes inflated (<i>Hottonia</i>). <b>Leaves</b> in basal rosettes (cauline and alternate, opposite, or whorled in <i>Hottonia</i>), simple (pinnately compound in <i>Hottonia</i>); stipules absent; petiole present or absent; blade margins entire, denticulate, ciliolate, or crenulate. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, scapose or sessile umbels or solitary flowers; bracts usually present. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual, homostylous or heterostylous (<i>Hottonia</i>, <i>Primula</i>); perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals 4–5, connate proximally into tube; petals 4–5, connate proximally, corolla campanulate to salverform or tubular with long or short tube; nectaries absent or sometimes nectariferous hairs present; stamens 5, antipetalous, epipetalous, distinct or connate proximally; anthers opening by longitudinal slits; staminodes absent; pistils 1, 5-carpellate; ovary superior, 1-locular; placentation free-central with ± globose central axis; ovules anatropous, bitegmic, not embedded in placentae, tenuinucellate; styles 1, terminal; stigmas 1, usually capitate (rarely truncate). <b>Fruits</b> capsular, dehiscence valvate or operculate. <b>Seeds</b> 1–200+, brown or black, angular or rounded, (rarely with eliasomes in some <i>Primula</i>); embryo straight; endosperm copious, starchless.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Eurasia;mainly n temperate to arctic.
|discussion=<p>Genera 20, species ca. 600 (5 genera, 52 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The largest genera in Primulaceae are <i>Primula</i> (ca. 500 species) and <i>Androsace</i> (ca. 100 species). No genera are endemic to the flora area; <i>Dodecatheon</i> and <i>Douglasia</i> have relatively few representatives elsewhere (northeastern Asia).</p><!--
--><p>The family contains ornamental taxa, especially in <i>Dodecatheon</i> and <i>Primula</i>. <i>Primula</i> can cause dermatitis. Some taxa are pollinated by insects; selfing also occurs. Seeds are dispersed by gravity, water, wind, or ants (<i>Primula</i>; B. Ståhl and A. A. Anderberg 2004).</p><!--
--><p>As typically described (e.g., A. Cronquist 1981; V. H. Heywood 1978), Primulaceae were clearly polyphyletic, closely related to Myrsinaceae and Theophrastaceae. M. Källersjö et al. (2000) and B. Ståhl and A. A. Anderberg (2004) removed the nonrosette terrestrial members from Primulaceae in the broad sense and placed them in the Myrsinaceae, which are further distinguished by leaves and calyx often dotted with yellow or dark streaks, flowers with relatively shorter corolla tubes, seeds immersed in placentae, and wood devoid of rays or with multiseriate rays only. Maesa, consisting entirely of trees found in the Eastern Hemisphere tropics, also has semi-inferior ovaries, pedicels with two bracts, and wood with both uniseriate and multiseriate rays; it, too, was removed from Primulaceae/Myrsinaceae and placed in its own family (Källersjö et al.). The families Primulaceae in the narrow sense, Myrsinaceae, Theophrastaceae (including Samolaceae), and Maesaceae then form a monophyletic clade within Ericales (P. F. Stevens, http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/), sharing some features, most notably flowers with sympetalous corollas, stamens in a single series and opposite the petals, free-central placentation, bitegmic, tenuinucellate ovules, and plants generally with tannins and saponins.</p><!--
--><p>Additional evidence (L. Martins et al. 2003) indicates that <i>Androsace</i> and <i>Primula</i> may not be monophyletic; more work is needed to resolve these issues. The work of M. Källersjö et al. (2000) showed that <i>Douglasia</i> should remain separate from <i>Androsace</i>, and <i>Dodecatheon</i> should remain separate from <i>Primula</i>, although <i>Dodecatheon</i> clearly is derived from <i>Primula</i> subg. Auriculastrum. Alternative views suggesting more inclusive concepts of <i>Primula</i> and <i>Androsace</i> have been offered by I. Trift et al. (2002), A. R. Mast et al. (2004), and G. M. Schneeweiss et al. (2004). The phylogenetic position of Cyclamen, a scapose taxon currently included in Myrsinaceae, has not been resolved. Our understanding of Primulaceae is still in flux, and future taxonomic realignments at the familial and generic levels are to be expected.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=anderberg1996a
|text=Anderberg, A. A. and S. Kelso. 1996. Phylogenetic implications of endosperm cell wall morphology in Douglasia, Androsace, and Vitaliana (Primulaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 16: 481–486.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=anderberg2004a
|text=Anderberg, A. A. 2004. Primulaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 7+ vols. Berlin, etc. Vol. 6, pp. 313–319.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kallersjo2000a
|text=Källersjö, M., G. Bergqvist, and A. A. Anderberg. 2000. Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s.l. (Angiosperms): A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology. Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1325–1341.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=lens2005a
|text=Lens, F. et al. 2005. Comparative wood anatomy of the primuloid clade (Ericales s.l.). Syst. Bot. 30: 163–183.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=martins2003a
|text=Martins, L., C. Oberprieler, and F. H. Hellwig. 2003. A phylogenetic analysis of Primulaceae s.l. based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. 237: 75–85.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mast2001a
|text=Mast, A. R. et al. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in Primula L. and related genera (Primulaceae) based on noncoding chloroplast DNA. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 162: 1381–1400.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mast2004a
|text=Mast, A. R., D. M. S. Feller, S. Kelso, and E. Conti. 2004. Buzz-pollinated Dodecatheon originated from within the heterostylous Primula subgenus Auriculastrum (Primulaceae): A seven-region cpDNA phylogeny and its implications for floral evolution. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 926–942.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mast2007a
|text=Mast, A. R. and J. L. Reveal. 2007. Transfer of Dodecatheon to Primula (Primulaceae). Brittonia 59: 79–82.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=schneeweiss2004a
|text=Schneeweiss, G. M., P. Schonswetter, S. Kelso, and H. Niklfeld. 2004. Complex biogeographic patterns in Androsace and related genera: Evidence from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear internal transcribed spacer and plastid trnL–F sequences. Syst. Biol. 53: 856–876.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=trift2002a
|text=Trift, I., M. Källersjö, and A. A. Anderberg. 2002. The monophyly of Primula (Primulaceae) evaluated by analysis of sequences from the chloroplast gene rbcL. Syst. Bot. 27: 396–407.
}}
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--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves pinnately compound.
|[[Hottonia|Hottonia]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves simple
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Corolla lobes reflexed, lengths 2+ times tube; stamens exserted, anthers connivent.
|[[Dodecatheon|Dodecatheon]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Corolla lobes not reflexed, lengths to 2 times tube; stamens included, anthers not connivent
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sepals keeled (at least on tubes), glabrous or stellate-hairy; corollas pink, rose, or purple; plants usually perennial, cushion- or mat-forming
|[[Douglasia|Douglasia]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sepals not keeled or only weakly keeled in fruit, glabrous, pilose, or puberulent; corollas lavender, magenta, pink, purple, rose, violet, white, or yellow; plants annual, biennial, or perennial, usually not cushion- or mat-forming
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Corollas white, fading to pink, (usually to 5 mm, if 5+ mm, plants hairy); flowers homostylous.
|[[Androsace|Androsace]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Corollas lavender, magenta, pink, purple, rose, violet, yellow, or some- times white, (7+ mm, plants never grayish-pilose); flowers heterostylous or homostylous.
|[[Primula|Primula]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Primulaceae
|author=Anita F. Cholewa;Sylvia Kelso
|authority=Batsch ex Borkhausen
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Primulaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Eurasia;mainly n temperate to arctic.
|reference=anderberg1996a;anderberg2004a;kallersjo2000a;lens2005a;martins2003a;mast2001a;mast2004a;mast2007a;schneeweiss2004a;trift2002a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f6b125a955440c0872999024f038d74684f65921/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V8/V8_527.xml
}}<!--

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