View source for Hymenoxys

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Hymenoxys
|accepted_authority=Cassini in F. Cuvier
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ed.
|place=2, 55: 278. 1828
|year=1828
}}
|common_names=Bitterweed;rubberweed
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Dugaldia
|authority=Cassini
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Plummera
|authority=A. Gray
}}
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae;Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Gaillardiinae;Hymenoxys
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subtribe</small>[[Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Gaillardiinae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Hymenoxys]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek hymen, membrane, and oxys, sharp, alluding to aristate pappus scales
|volume=Volume 21
|mention_page=page 415, 416, 437, 446
|treatment_page=page 435
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Annuals,</b> biennials, or perennials, 5–150 cm (sometimes with ± branched, woody caudices or stout rhizomes). <b>Stems</b> 1–30+, erect, unbranched or branched, green throughout to purple-red-tinted proximally or distally to purple-red-tinted throughout, glabrous or ± hairy. <b>Leaves</b> alternate; blades simple or 1–2-pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy, usually ± gland-dotted (often in pits). <b>Heads</b> radiate [discoid], borne singly or in paniculiform to corymbiform arrays. <b>Involucres</b> subhemispheric, hemispheric, globoid, campanulate, or urceolate, (2.5–)6–32 mm diam. <b>Phyllaries</b> persistent (or inner falling), usually (6–)16–30(–40) in 2 series and unequal, sometimes 28–50 in 2–3 series and subequal (usually spreading to erect in fruit). <b>Receptacles</b> usually hemispheric, globoid, ovoid, or conic (flat in <i>H. ambigens</i>), smooth or pitted, epaleate. <b>Ray</b> florets usually (3–)8–13(–16), sometimes 14–34 [0], pistillate, fertile; corollas (usually withering after flowering, falling early or tardily) yellow or yellow-orange to orange (laminae fan-shaped, lobes 3–5). <b>Disc</b> florets usually 25–150(–400+), usually bisexual and fertile (6–15, functionally staminate in <i>H. ambigens</i>); corollas yellow to yellow-brown proximally, yellow distally, tubes shorter than cylindric to cylindric-campanulate throats, lobes 5, ± deltate. <b>Cypselae</b> obconic or obpyramidal, glabrous or hairy; pappi 0, or persistent, of 2–11(–15) usually aristate scales. <b>x</b> = 15.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;South America. Subgenus Hymenoxys;which occurs only in South America;contains four species;three of which are discoid.
|discussion=<p>Species 25 (17 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Subgenus <i>Hymenoxys</i>, which occurs only in South America, contains four species, three of which are discoid. Subgenus Phileozera (Buckley) Cockerell includes <i>Hymenoxys odorata</i> and H. chrysanthemoides (Kunth) de Candolle (Mexico) (M. W. Bierner 2001). Subgenus Plummera (A. Gray) Bierner comprises only <i>Hymenoxys ambigens</i> (Bierner 1994, 2001). Subgenus Dugaldia (Cassini) Bierner includes <i>Hymenoxys hoopesii</i>, <i>H. integrifolia</i> (Kunth) Bierner (Mexico and Guatemala), and H. pinetorum (Standley) Bierner (Mexico; Bierner 1994, 2001). Subgenus Rydbergia (Greene) Bierner comprises <i>Hymenoxys brandegeei</i>, <i>H. grandiflora</i>, and H. insignis (Mexico) (Bierner 2001, 2005). <i>Hymenoxys bigelovii</i> is the sole member of subg. Macdougalia (A. Heller) Bierner (Bierner 2001, 2004). <i>Hymenoxys richardsonii</i>, <i>H. subintegra</i>, <i>H. cooperi</i>, <i>H. lemmonii</i>, <i>H. rusbyi</i>, <i>H. jamesii</i>, and <i>H. brachyactis</i> belong to subg. Picradenia (Hooker) Cockerell (Bierner 2001).</p><!--
--><p>J. L. Anderson et al. (1996) and M. W. Bierner and R. K. Jansen (1998) provided evidence that <i>Hymenoxys helenioides</i> is a hybrid between <i>H. hoopesii</i> and <i>H. richardsonii </i>var.<i> floribunda</i>. Bierner (2001) recognized <i>H. helenioides</i> as a species because he was unable to determine whether all of the plants were F1 hybrids or at least some of them had given rise to breeding populations.</p><!--
--><p>Plants identified as <i>Hymenoxys</i> anthemoides, a discoid, South American annual that resembles <i>H. odorata</i>, were reported as “adventive on ballast,” Mobile County, Alabama, by C. T. Mohr (1901).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=bierner1974a
|text=Bierner, M. W. 1974. A systematic study of Dugaldia (Compositae). Brittonia 26: 385–392.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bierner1994a
|text=Bierner, M. W. 1994. Submersion of Dugaldia and Plummera in Hymenoxys (Asteraceae: Heliantheae: Gaillardiinae). Sida 16: 1–8.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bierner1998a
|text=Bierner, M. W. and R. K. Jansen. 1998. Systematic implications of DNA restriction site variation in Hymenoxys and Tetraneuris (Asteraceae, Helenieae, Gaillardiinae). Lundellia 1: 17–26.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bierner2001a
|text=Bierner, M. W. 2001. Taxonomy of Hymenoxys subgenus Picradenia and a conspectus of the subgenera of Hymenoxys (Asteraceae, Helenieae, Tetraneurinae). Lundellia 4: 37–63.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bierner2004a
|text=Bierner, M. W. 2004. Taxonomy of Hymenoxys subgenus Macdougalia (Asteraceae, Helenieae, Tetraneurinae). Sida 21: 657–663.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bierner2005a
|text=Bierner, M. W. 2005. Taxonomy of Hymenoxys subgenus Rydbergia (Asteraceae, Helenieae, Tetraneurinae). Lundellia 8: 28–37.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=spring1994a
|text=Spring, O., B. Zitterell-Haid, M. W. Bierner, and T. J. Mabry. 1994. Chemistry of glandular trichomes in Hymenoxys and related genera. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 22: 171–195.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wagner1999a
|text=Wagner, W. L., R. Fletcher, and R. K. Shannon. 1999. Another look at Hymenoxys subgenus Plummera (Asteraceae: Heliantheae: Gaillardiinae) from Arizona and New Mexico. Brittonia 51: 79–86.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Annuals
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Biennials or perennials
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants 5–10(–15) cm (delicate); ray corollas 2–3 × 0.7–1 mm (not surpassing phyllaries; Texas)
|[[Hymenoxys texana|Hymenoxys texana]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants 10–80 cm (robust); ray corollas 8.5–11 × 3–5.5 mm (well surpassing phyllaries; widespread)
|[[Hymenoxys odorata|Hymenoxys odorata]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Disc florets 6–15 (functionally staminate; receptacles flat)
|[[Hymenoxys ambigens|Hymenoxys ambigens]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Disc florets 25–400+ (bisexual; receptacles hemispheric to globoid, ovoid or conic)
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Phyllaries 22–50 in 2–3 series, subequal
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Phyllaries (11–)16–30(–40) in 2 series, unequal
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Plants 30–100 cm; leaf blades simple; phyllaries 36–50 in 2 series; ray corollas usually yellow-orange to orange
|[[Hymenoxys hoopesii|Hymenoxys hoopesii]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Plants 8–30 cm; leaf blades simple and/or lobed; phyllaries 22–48+ in 2–3 series; ray corollas yellow
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Basal leaves simple or (some, not all) lobed (lobes 3–7); involucres 13–16 × 19–23 mm; Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico
|[[Hymenoxys brandegeei|Hymenoxys brandegeei]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Basal leaves lobed (lobes 3–15); involucres 15–25 × 18–30 mm; Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming
|[[Hymenoxys grandiflora|Hymenoxys grandiflora]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Outer phyllaries basally connate to 1/5 their lengths; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, 8.5–12.6 mm, apices aristate
|[[Hymenoxys bigelovii|Hymenoxys bigelovii]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Outer phyllaries basally connate 1/4–2/3 their lengths; inner phyllaries obovate to oblanceolate, 2.8–8 mm, apices usually mucronate, sometimes acuminate
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stems 1–20(–30+; plants usually with highly branched, woody caudices; basal leaf bases densely long-villous-woolly)
|[[Hymenoxys richardsonii|Hymenoxys richardsonii]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stems 1–10(–20; plants often with sparingly or moderately branched, woody caudices; basal leaf bases sparsely, if at all, long-villous-woolly)
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Involucres 4–8 mm diam
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Involucres (8–)10–18 mm diam
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Perennials (polycarpic); mid blades simple or lobed (lobes 3, terminal lobes 2–4 mm wide)
|[[Hymenoxys rusbyi|Hymenoxys rusbyi]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Biennials or perennials (monocarpic); mid blades lobed (lobes 3–7, terminal lobes 0.8–2.2 mm wide)
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Stems usually purple-red-tinted proximally; disc corollas 2.4–3 mm; pappi 0.8–2.1 mm; Mogollon Plateau area, c Arizona
|[[Hymenoxys jamesii|Hymenoxys jamesii]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Stems green throughout; disc corollas 3.1–4.2 mm; pappi 2.5–3 mm; c New Mexico
|[[Hymenoxys brachyactis|Hymenoxys brachyactis]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Stems (and leaves) usually densely sericeous (mainly Kaibab Plateau in Arizona, Utah)
|[[Hymenoxys subintegra|Hymenoxys subintegra]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Stems (and leaves) sometimes densely hairy (only H. cooperi and H. richardsonii var. floribunda on Kaibab Plateau in Arizona, Utah).
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Outer phyllaries 5(–8); s Arizona (mostly Huachuca Mountains)
|[[Hymenoxys quinquesquamata|Hymenoxys quinquesquamata]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Outer phyllaries 7–15; not s Arizona
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaf blades lobed (lobes 3–23); outer phyllaries basally connate 1/2–2/3 their lengths
|[[Hymenoxys vaseyi|Hymenoxys vaseyi]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaf blades simple or lobed (lobes 3–13); outer phyllaries basally connate 1/4–1/2 their lengths
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Mid blades usually lobed (lobes 3, terminal lobes 2–5.5 mm wide), sometimes not lobed; outer phyllaries (weakly keeled) basally connate 1/4–1/3 their lengths; raycorollas yellow to yellow-orange
|[[Hymenoxys helenioides|Hymenoxys helenioides]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Mid blades lobed (lobes 3–7, terminal lobes 0.7–2.5 mm wide); outer phyllaries (weakly to strongly keeled) basally connate 1/4–1/2 their lengths; ray corollas yellow
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Biennials or perennials, (10–)20–80(–100) cm (monocarpic); leaves ± hairy
|[[Hymenoxys cooperi|Hymenoxys cooperi]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Perennials, 30–50 cm (polycarpic); leaves glabrous or sparsely hairy
|[[Hymenoxys lemmonii|Hymenoxys lemmonii]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Hymenoxys
|author=Mark W. Bierner
|authority=Cassini in F. Cuvier
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subtribe
|synonyms=Dugaldia;Plummera
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;South America. Subgenus Hymenoxys;which occurs only in South America;contains four species;three of which are discoid.
|reference=bierner1974a;bierner1994a;bierner1998a;bierner2001a;bierner2004a;bierner2005a;spring1994a;wagner1999a
|publication title=in F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ed.
|publication year=1828
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f6b125a955440c0872999024f038d74684f65921/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V19-20-21/V21_1091.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae
|subtribe=Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Gaillardiinae
|genus=Hymenoxys
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Gaillardiinae]]