View source for Phrymaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Phrymaceae
|accepted_authority=Schauer
|publications=
|common_names=Monkeyflower Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Phrymaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Phrymaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 17
|mention_page=page 4, 5, 6, 363, 366, 367, 371, 453
|treatment_page=page 365
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> subshrubs, or shrubs, annual or perennial, aquatic or terrestrial, sometimes fleshy, autotrophic. <b>Stems</b> erect or ascending to prostrate, 4-angled, sometimes winged. <b>Leaves</b> deciduous or persistent, basal and cauline or all cauline, rarely subrosulate or rosulate (<i>Erythranthe</i>), opposite, or alternate distally, simple; stipules absent; petiole present or absent; blade fleshy, semi-fleshy, or not, not leathery, margins entire or toothed. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal and axillary racemes or flowers solitary (<i>Glossostigma</i>, some <i>Erythranthe</i>, some annual plants); flowers erect to nodding or strongly reflexed and appressed to inflorescence axis (<i>Phryma</i>). <b>Flowers</b> bisexual, perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals (3 or)4 or 5, proximally connate, calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric; petals 3–5, proximally connate, corolla bilaterally symmetric, rarely nearly radially in reduced forms, strongly to weakly bilabiate, rarely nearly regular, salverform to tubular-funnelform, funnelform, campanulate, or compressed; stamens (2–)4, adnate to corolla, didynamous [both pairs of equal length in autogamous forms], staminode 0; pistil 1, 2-carpellate, ovary superior, (1 or)2-locular, placentation axile, basal (<i>Phryma</i>), or parietal (<i>Diplacus</i>, <i>Mimetanthe</i>); ovules anatropous or orthotropous (<i>Phryma</i>), unitegmic, tenuinucellate; style 1; stigma 1, 2-lobed. <b>Fruits</b> capsules, dehiscence loculicidal [septicidal or irregular], or achenes [berry]. <b>Seeds</b> 1–2000, yellowish brown or brown, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly flattened bilaterally; embryo straight, endosperm sparse.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;w South America (primarily Andean);s Asia (India);se Asia;e Africa;Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar);Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia;introduced in Europe;s Africa.
|discussion=<p>Genera 13, species ca. 200 (6 genera, 139 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Over one half of the species in Phrymaceae are members of <i>Diplacus</i> and <i>Erythranthe</i> and together include over 160 species; all other genera each have seven or fewer species.</p><!--
--><p>Until recently, Phrymaceae consisted only of <i>Phryma leptostachya</i>, a taxonomically isolated species of eastern North America and eastern Asia. Molecular studies have established a relationship not with the Verbenaceae, as was earlier postulated (see H. L. Whipple 1972; R. Venkata Ramana et al. 2000), but rather with <i>Mimulus</i> and other genera, suggesting that Phrymaceae should be enlarged. The sequence of genera in Phrymaceae here follows the phylogeny proposed by P. M. Beardsley and R. G. Olmstead (2002).</p><!--
--><p>One of the major lineages of Phrymaceae is primarily a Southern Hemisphere group ranging from Australia and New Zealand to southeastern and south Asia (India), Madagascar, and South Africa. <i>Mimulus</i> in the narrow sense, including the two endemic North American species, is part of this group, which includes 24 species in seven genera. The largest major lineage includes 158 species in five genera from North America, South America, and southeast Asia. This lineage includes two genera from Mexico and Central America: Hemichaena Bentham, which is sister to the North American <i>Diplacus</i> and <i>Mimetanthe</i>, and Leucocarpus D. Don, which is sister to the American and Asian <i>Erythranthe</i>.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=barker2012a
|text=Barker, W. R. et al. 2012. A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscription for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations. Phytoneuron 2012-39: 1–60.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=beardsley2002a
|text=Beardsley, P. M. and R. G. Olmstead. 2002. Redefining Phrymaceae: The placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1093–1102.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=cantino2004a
|text=Cantino, P. D. 2004. Phrymaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 14+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 7, pp. 323–326.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=fischer2004a
|text=Fischer, E. 2004. Scrophulariaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 14+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 7, pp. 333–432.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants aquatic or semi-aquatic, mat-forming.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stems functionally stolons, leaves on stolons; sepals 3; leaf blades fleshy.
|[[Glossostigma|Glossostigma]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stems prostrate to decumbent or erect; sepals 5, sometimes 3 in reduced forms; leaf blades sometimes thickened or semi-fleshy.
|[[Erythranthe|Erythranthe]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants terrestrial or, if semi-aquatic, not mat-forming.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flowers strongly reflexed and appressed to inflorescence axes in fruit; fruits achenes; bracteoles present.
|[[Phryma|Phryma]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flowers lateral or erect to nodding, not strongly reflexed and appressed in fruit; fruits capsules; bracteoles absent.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Fruit apices rounded to truncate; placentation axile.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf venation brochidodromous; stamens adnate to middle of corolla.
|[[Mimulus|Mimulus]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf venation acrodromous (veins usually basal only, sometimes basal and suprabasal); stamens adnate proximal to middle of corolla.
|[[Erythranthe|Erythranthe]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Fruit apices attenuate; placentation parietal.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Pedicels ± equal to or slightly longer than calyces; calyx lobe midveins low-rounded, not wing-angled; fruit walls densely pustulate-glandular.
|[[Mimetanthe|Mimetanthe]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Pedicels nearly absent or shorter than calyces, rarely ± equal to or slightly longer than calyces; calyx lobe midveins angled or wing-angled; fruit walls smooth, eglandular.
|[[Diplacus|Diplacus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Phrymaceae
|author=Richard K. Rabeler; Craig C. Freeman; Wayne J. Elisens
|authority=Schauer
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Phrymaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;w South America (primarily Andean);s Asia (India);se Asia;e Africa;Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar);Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia;introduced in Europe;s Africa.
|reference=barker2012a;beardsley2002a;cantino2004a;fischer2004a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f6b125a955440c0872999024f038d74684f65921/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V17/V17_1261.xml
}}<!--

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