View source for Ziziphus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Ziziphus
|accepted_authority=Miller
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|place=4, vol. 3. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Jujube
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Condalia subg. Condaliopsis
|authority=Weberbauer
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Condaliopsis
|authority=(Weberbauer) Suessenguth
}}
|hierarchy=Rhamnaceae;Ziziphus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Rhamnaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Ziziphus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latinized Arabic vernacular name zizouf for common jujube, Z. jujuba
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 43, 44, 45, 62
|treatment_page=page 70
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Shrubs </b>or small trees, armed with thorns or stipular spines [unarmed]; bud scales present or absent. <b>Leaves</b> deciduous or persistent, alternate, sometimes fascicled on short shoots; blade not gland-dotted; pinnately veined (obscurely, appearing 1-veined) or 3[–5]-veined from base (acrodromous), secondary veins absent or poorly developed distal to basal veins, except sometimes near apex. <b>Inflorescences</b> axillary [terminal], within foliage, corymblike cymes, thyrses, or fascicles, or rarely flowers solitary; peduncles and pedicels not fleshy in fruit. <b>Pedicels</b> present. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual; hypanthium shallowly cupulate to hemispheric, 1–3 mm wide; sepals 5, spreading, greenish, greenish white, yellowish, yellow-green, orangish, or purplish, ovate-triangular to triangular, keeled adaxially; petals [0–]5, yellow to pale yellow or white, ± flat, obovate or spatulate, clawed; nectary fleshy, filling hypanthium, 5–10-lobed; stamens 5; ovary superior, 2–3(–4)-locular; styles (1–)2–3(–4), connate basally to proximally. <b>Fruits</b> drupes; stone 1. <b>x</b> = 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=United States;Mexico;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa.
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 170 (6 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The molecular and morphological study by M. B. Islam and M. P. Simmons (2006) corroborates earlier observations (for example, M. C. Johnston 1963) that <i>Ziziphus</i> comprises two clades, with the Old World species of <i>Ziziphus</i> more closely related to <i>Paliurus</i> than to the New World species. The New World species have paired or unpaired thorns, tangential to diagonal bands of axial parenchyma, and deciduous, non-spinose stipules. Old World <i>Ziziphus</i> and <i>Paliurus</i> do not have thorns tangential to diagonal bands of axial parenchyma but do have stipular spines. The Islam and Simmons study found the Florida endemic <i>Z. celata</i> to be more closely related to <i>Berchemia</i> and <i>Rhamnus</i> than to either group of <i>Ziziphus</i>. Further study by M. B. Islam and R. P. Guralnick (2015) showed <i>Z. celata</i> and <i>Z. parryi</i> to be sister species that are most closely related to the genus <i>Condalia</i>. Maintaining monophyletic genera will require reclassification of <i>Ziziphus</i> as treated here.</p><!--
--><p><i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> and <i>Z. mauritiana</i> are grown commercially for fruits in their native or introduced countries; fruits also are harvested in the native or naturalized regions (O. P. Pareek 2001).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=islam2006a
|text=Islam, M. B. and M. P. Simmons. 2006. A thorny dilemma: Testing alternative intrageneric classifications within Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae). Syst. Bot. 31: 826–842.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=islam2015a
|text=Islam, M. B. and R. P. Guralnick. 2015. Generic placement of the former Condaliopsis (Rhamnaceae) species. Phytotaxa 236: 25–39.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=johnston1963a
|text=Johnston, M. C. 1963. The species of Ziziphus indigenous to United States and Mexico. Amer. J. Bot. 50: 1020–1027.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades 3-veined from base; secondary branches not thorn-tipped, axillary thorns absent; stipular spines usually present, sometimes absent.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Secondary branches and leaf blade abaxial surfaces glabrous; stipular spines 15–40 mm.
|[[Ziziphus jujuba|Ziziphus jujuba]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Secondary branches and leaf blade abaxial surfaces tomentose; stipular spines 2–3 mm.
|[[Ziziphus mauritiana|Ziziphus mauritiana]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades 1-veined from base; secondary branches thorn-tipped and with axillary thorns; stipular spines absent.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences usually pedunculate thyrses, rarely flowers solitary; secondary branches gray-green to white, pruinose; drupes 5–10 mm.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Secondary branches usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely pilose; leaf blades subcoriaceous, surfaces usually glabrous; hypanthia moderately to densely strigose, hairs loose, curved; inflorescences (1–)2–6-flowered, peduncles (0.5–)1–2 mm, nearly equaling or shorter than pedicels.
|[[Ziziphus obtusifolia|Ziziphus obtusifolia]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Secondary branches minutely hirtellous to short-villous, usually densely so, glabrescent; leaf blades relatively thin-herbaceous, surfaces persistently hirtellous to short-villous; hypanthia densely and persistently hirtellous; inflorescences (5–)10–30-flowered; peduncles 2–4 mm, equaling or longer than pedicels.
|[[Ziziphus divaricata|Ziziphus divaricata]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences usually fascicles, rarely flowers solitary; secondary branches gray or pale greenish yellow to purplish, not pruinose; drupes 10–20(–25) mm.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades 1–2.5(–3) cm; hypanthia and sepals purplish to greenish; drupes brownish to orange or purplish brown; California.
|[[Ziziphus parryi|Ziziphus parryi]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades 0.5–1 cm; hypanthia and sepals greenish; drupes yellow, orange, or brownish; Florida.
|[[Ziziphus celata|Ziziphus celata]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Ziziphus
|author=Guy L. Nesom
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Condalia subg. Condaliopsis;Condaliopsis
|basionyms=
|family=Rhamnaceae
|distribution=United States;Mexico;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa.
|reference=islam2006a;islam2015a;johnston1963a
|publication title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f6b125a955440c0872999024f038d74684f65921/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V12/V12_729.xml
|genus=Ziziphus
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Rhamnaceae]]