View source for Arbutus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Arbutus
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 395. 1753
|year=1753
}}{{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 187. 1754 ,
}}
|common_names=Madrone;madroño
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Ericaceae;Ericaceae subfam. Arbutoideae;Arbutus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Ericaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Ericaceae subfam. Arbutoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Arbutus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Classical Latin name for European strawberry tree, A. unedo Linnaeus
|volume=Volume 8
|mention_page=page 372, 375, 397
|treatment_page=page 398
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Shrubs </b>or trees, sometimes with swollen burl-like base (capable of resprouting after fire); bark red or reddish brown, exfoliating in flakes on young axes, retained on oldest portions of trunk and abaxial side of major limbs where forming an irregular checked pattern, or bark at first flaking on young branchlets then retained, eventually uniformly checkered over all main axes (<i>A. arizonica</i>). <b>Stems</b> erect, branching; young branchlets glandular-hairy, thinly tomentose, or both, or glabrous; new growth of rapidly elongating sprouts usually with glandular hairs; (buds ovate, apex acute, glossy red, sometimes glabrate, usually only terminal buds well developed and conspicuous; bud scales accrescent, 8–16, imbricate). <b>Leaves</b> bifacial or isofacial; blade ovate (widest slightly proximal to middle) or elliptic, coriaceous, margins entire or finely to coarsely toothed on sprouts and sterile shoots, plane, surfaces ± glabrous. <b>Inflorescences</b> clusters of racemes, 10–40-flowered. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual; sepals persistent, 5, connate basally, ovate to deltate; petals 5, connate nearly their entire lengths, creamy white [yellowish], corolla urceolate, (soon developing post-anthesis circumferential dimple near mid length, base inflated); stamens 10, included, (distinct); filaments slender distally, abruptly expanded proximally into swollen base, (villous proximally); anthers with 2 dorsal awns adaxially, dehiscent by subterminal, elliptic pores; ovary 5-locular; stigma capitate. <b>Berries</b> orange-red, red, or blackish red, ± globose or slightly turbinate, juicy, roughened-tuberculate, glabrous or thinly hairy; pyrenes 1–5, not connate into stone. <b>Seeds</b> 1–5, distinct, (irregularly angled). <b>x</b> = 13.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=sw;w North America;Mexico;Central America;s;w Europe;n Africa;n Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands).
|discussion=<p>Unedo Hoffmansegg & Link</p><!--
--><p>Species 10 (3 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Five species of <i>Arbutus</i> occur in the Neotropics, and all extend north of the Tropic of Cancer. In the Tropics, the plants are found primarily in montane areas associating with <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Quercus</i> species. Populations north of Mexico inhabit riverine woodlands (<i>A. arizonica</i>) or progressively drier environments, associating with pinyon-juniper vegetation (<i>A. xalapensis</i>) in Texas and New Mexico, and dry wooded slopes and canyons (<i>A. menziesii</i>) in California, Oregon, and southwestern Washington, increasingly moist but well-drained habitats in northwestern Washington, islands of Puget Sound and San Juan Archipelago, and southwestern British Columbia.</p><!--
--><p>Species of <i>Arbutus</i> are easily confused with some members of the genus <i>Comarostaphylis</i> because of the exfoliating bark and berrylike fruit common to both. The fruit alone distinguishes them: <i>Arbutus</i> species produce a true berry with multiple locules and seeds, whereas <i>Comarostaphylis</i> species produce a drupe with one central stone enclosing a single seed. Taxonomically, the <i>Arbutus</i> species of the Old World and New World are included in a single genus. A. P. de Candolle (1839) perceived a morphological distinction between the two geographic groups. He maintained a single genus and established two subgenera that he named Gerontogeae (sect. <i>Arbutus</i>) for the Old World taxa and Americanae for those of the New World. L. C. Hileman et al. (2001) presented corroborative molecular data suggesting that the two geographic groups represent separate lineages.</p><!--
--><p><i>Arbutus</i> unedo is cultivated as an ornamental tree in California, where it flowers and fruits. It is reported to succeed in the USDA hardiness zones 8–10, extending along the Pacific Coast from southwestern Oregon into the region north of Los Angeles, California. It grows also in all of coastal Washington and southwestern British Columbia.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=s1978a
|text=Sørensen, P. D., C. E. Totten, and D. M. Piatak. 1978. Alkane chemotaxonomy of Arbutus. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 6: 109–111.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=s1995a
|text=Sørensen, P. D. 1995. Arbutus. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica. 1968+. Flora Neotropica. 98+ nos. New York. No. 66, pp. 194–221.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades usually tapered-acute at base, rarely rounded; bark light gray to reddish gray, checkered with squarish to rectangular segments or plates, 1-4 × 1-2.5 cm, retained on bole and major limbs; twigs 3+ years old with brick-red outer bark exfoliating in flakes or, sometimes, in slender strips.
|[[Arbutus arizonica|Arbutus arizonica]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades usually rounded or subcordate at base, sometimes tapered; bark on young twigs exfoliating in irregular strips, exfoliating on larger limbs and bole in flakes and sheets, older bark retained only at base of tree or on abaxial sides of larger limbs
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants 4-10(-20) m; leaf blades 6.5-13 × 3.5-6(-8) cm, glaucous-green abaxially; western coast of North America.
|[[Arbutus menziesii|Arbutus menziesii]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants 2-4(-8) m; leaf blades (2.5-)4-6(-7.5) × (1.2-)1.8-3(-4) cm, green or slightly lighter green abaxially; New Mexico, Texas
|[[Arbutus xalapensis|Arbutus xalapensis]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Arbutus
|author=Paul D. Sørensen
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Ericaceae
|distribution=sw;w North America;Mexico;Central America;s;w Europe;n Africa;n Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands).
|reference=s1978a;s1995a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/8f726806613d60c220dc4493de13607dd3150896/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V8/V8_751.xml
|subfamily=Ericaceae subfam. Arbutoideae
|genus=Arbutus
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Ericaceae subfam. Arbutoideae]]