View source for Lithophragma

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Lithophragma
|accepted_authority=(Nuttall) Torrey & A. Gray
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. N. Amer.
|place=1: 583. 1840, name conserved ,
}}
|common_names=Woodland-star
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Saxifragaceae;Lithophragma
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Saxifragaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Lithophragma]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek lithos, stone, and phragma, hedge or fence, alluding to rocky habitat; or an unsuccessful attempt to render Saxifraga in Greek
|volume=Volume 8
|mention_page=page 43, 45, 46, 76
|treatment_page=page 77
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> rhizomatous, not stoloniferous; caudex sometimes bearing bulbils. <b>Flowering</b> stems erect, leafy, 8–85 cm, stipitate-glandular. <b>Leaves</b> in basal rosette and cauline; cauline leaves (1–)2(–10), usually alternate (opposite in <i>L. cymbalaria</i>), unlobed, lobed, or palmately compound, sometimes with bulbils in axils; stipules present; petiole stipitate-glandular; blade rhombic or orbiculate to reniform, lobed, base cordate, hastate, rounded, ligulate, or cuneate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces often stipitate-glandular; venation palmate. <b>Inflorescences</b> compact or lax racemes, arising from axillary buds in basal rosette, 2–12(–25)-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary, (flowers sometimes replaced by bulbils), bracteate. <b>Flowers</b>: hypanthium partially adnate to proximal 1/2 to entire length of ovary, free from ovary 1–2 mm, green; sepals 5, green tinged with red; petals 5, white or pink; nectariferous tissue inconspicuous; stamens 10, (inserted on hypanthium, inner whorl attached proximal to point of petal insertion); filaments filiform; (anthers cordate); pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior to 1/2 or almost completely inferior, 1-locular, carpels fully connate at ovaries; placentation parietal; styles 3; stigmas 3. <b>Capsules</b> 3-beaked. <b>Seeds</b> (50–200), usually dark brown, ovoid, smooth, wrinkled, or tuberculate. <b>x</b> = 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=w North America.
|discussion=<p><i>Tellima</i> R. Brown [unranked] <i>Lithophragma</i> Nuttall, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 26. 1834 (as Lithofragma); Pleurendotria Rafinesque, name rejected</p><!--
--><p>Species 10 (10 in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=kuzoff1999a
|text=Kuzoff, R. K., D. E. Soltis, L. Hufford, and P. S. Soltis. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships within Lithophragma (Saxifragaceae): Hybridization, allopolyploidy, and ovary diversification. Syst. Bot. 24: 598–615.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kuzoff2001a
|text=Kuzoff, R. K., L. Hufford, and D. E. Soltis. 2001. Structural homology and developmental transformations associated with ovary diversification in Lithophragma (Saxifragaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 88: 196–205.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=taylor1965a
|text=Taylor, R. L. 1965. The genus Lithophragma (Saxifragaceae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 37: 1–122.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves palmately compound, 3-foliolate; seeds spiny.
|[[Lithophragma maximum|Lithophragma maximum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves unlobed or lobed, or 3-foliolate; seeds smooth, wrinkled, tuberculate, or rough
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stigma papillae in narrow subapical band; seeds smooth or wrinkled
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stigma papillae covering apical surface; seeds tuberculate, tubercles in 3-19 rows, blunt or spinelike
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades light green; cauline leaves 3-lobed, appearing pinnatifid; flowers persistent, slightly pendulous; racemes erect; petals 5-7-lobed; ovaries to 1/2 inferior.
|[[Lithophragma tenellum|Lithophragma tenellum]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades dark green or reddish green; cauline leaves 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; flowers deciduous if unfertilized, horizontal; racemes often lax, nodding; petals 3-lobed; ovaries 1/2+ inferior
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Hypanthia elongate-obconic, length 3-4 times diam.; petals pink; flowers fragrant.
|[[Lithophragma trifoliatum|Lithophragma trifoliatum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Hypanthia obconic to obconic-elongate, length 2 times diam.; petals usually white, sometimes pink; flowers not fragrant
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Cauline leaves 3-foliolate; hypanthia obconic-elongate; petals white or pink, often with prominent venation, 3-lobed, obovate-rhombic, widely spreading, ultimate margins entire; ovaries 1/2+ inferior.
|[[Lithophragma parviflorum|Lithophragma parviflorum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Cauline leaves 3-lobed; hypanthia obconic; petals white with obscure venation, usually shallowly 3-lobed, ovate-elliptic, not widely spreading, ultimate margins sometimes with extra tooth, (lobes acute); ovaries ± completely inferior.
|[[Lithophragma affine|Lithophragma affine]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Cauline leaves opposite (1 pair); flowering stems simple; petals unlobed, without serrations at base, ultimate margins entire.
|[[Lithophragma cymbalaria|Lithophragma cymbalaria]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Cauline leaves alternate; flowering stems often branched; petals lobed or, if unlobed, margins sometimes with serrations at base
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Hypanthia broadly campanulate; flowers pendulous, petals partly included, ovate-elliptic, ultimate margins lacerate; flowers ± sessile.
|[[Lithophragma campanulatum|Lithophragma campanulatum]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Hypanthia narrowly campanulate; flowers horizontal, petals completely exserted, obovate-pandurate, ovate-elliptic, or ovate and palmately 5-lobed, ultimate margins entire; flowers long-pedicellate
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Hypanthia with truncate base; petals white, simple or 3-7-lobed; flowers not fragrant; racemes lax, nodding; cauline leaves 2-10; ovaries superior.
|[[Lithophragma heterophyllum|Lithophragma heterophyllum]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Hypanthia with acute, obtuse, or hemispheric base; petals white or pink, unlobed, serrately 3-5-lobed, or 5-lobed; flowers sometimes fragrant; racemes erect; cauline leaves 2-4; ovaries to 1/2 inferior
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants usually robust; leaves usually unlobed or 3-5-lobed; petals white, unlobed or 3-5-lobed with serrations at base; inflorescences 2(-3)-branched, 3-5(-25)-flowered racemes, flowers rarely replaced with bulbils.
|[[Lithophragma bolanderi|Lithophragma bolanderi]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants usually fragile; leaves lobed (lobes rounded); petals usually pink, rarely white, palmately 5-lobed, base without serrations; inflorescences rarely branched (unless plant with bulbils), solitary flowers or 2-5(-7)-flowered racemes, often appearing corymbose; flowers sometimes replaced with bulbils.
|[[Lithophragma glabrum|Lithophragma glabrum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Lithophragma
|author=Roy L. Taylor
|authority=(Nuttall) Torrey & A. Gray
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Saxifragaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|distribution=w North America.
|reference=kuzoff1999a;kuzoff2001a;taylor1965a
|publication title=Fl. N. Amer.
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/8f726806613d60c220dc4493de13607dd3150896/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V8/V8_150.xml
|genus=Lithophragma
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Saxifragaceae]]