View source for Moraceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Moraceae
|accepted_authority=Link
|publications=
|common_names=Mulberry Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Moraceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Moraceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 3
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 388
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="herb duration;herb duration;sap coloration"><b>Trees,</b> shrubs, herbs, or vines, deciduous or evergreen, frequently with milky sap.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>alternate (rarely opposite or whorled), simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule duration;stipule duration">stipules present, persistent or caducous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="petiole architecture">petiole adaxially grooved.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape"><b>Leaf-</b>blade: margins entire, toothed, or lobed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf-blade architecture or shape;leaf-blade architecture or shape;basal vein quantity;basal vein architecture">venation pinnate or with 3-5 basal palmate veins;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="cystolith presence">cystoliths often present in epidermal-cells.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties=""><b>Inflorescences </b>racemes, cymes, or capitula.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower architecture;flower size;torus shape;receptacle texture;receptacle shape"><b>Flowers </b>unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different plants, small, occasionally on flattened torus, more often enclosed within fleshy, flask-shaped receptacle (syconium);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal fusion;sepal fusion">sepals 2-6, distinct or partly connate (vestigial in Brosimum).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen variability;stamen course;stamen orientation"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: stamens equal in number to sepals or calyx lobes and opposite them, straight or inflexed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower architecture;anther architecture or structure in adjective form">anthers 1-2-locular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal fusion;calyx lobe quantity;calyx lobe fusion"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: sepals or calyx lobes 4, ± connate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;pistil quantity;pistil architecture">pistils 1, 1-2-carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;ovary quantity;ovary position;ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary 1, superior or inferior, 1 (-2) -locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;ovule quantity">ovules 1 per locule;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="flower architecture;style-branch quantity">styles or style-branches 1-2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;stigma quantity;stigma architecture or shape">stigmas 1-2, entire.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="fruit quantity"><b>Fruits </b>multiple (syncarps);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="">individual achenes or drupelets partly or completely enclosed by enlarged common receptacle or by individual calyces.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions;less common in temperate areas
|discussion=<p>Genera ca. 40, species nearly 1100 (7 genera, 18 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Members of the large and diverse mulberry family are mainly woody and tropical; they are most abundant in Asia. The largest genera are Ficus, with approximately 750 species, and Dorstenia, with about 170 species. The family includes important timber trees, e.g., Chlorophora excelsa (Welwitsch) Bentham, iroko, from tropical Africa; Brosimum guianense (Aublet) Huber, letterwood, snakewood; and Ficus spp. Genera with species bearing edible fruits include the mulberries, Morus spp.; breadfruit and jackfruit, e.g., Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg and A. heterophyllus Lamarck; and figs, Ficus spp. Several species of Ficus are commonly cultivated in subtropical regions of the United States. These include F. carica Linnaeus; F. elastica Roxburgh ex Hornemann, India rubber plant; F. benghalensis Linnaeus, banyan; F. benjamina Linnaeus, weeping fig; F. pumila Linnaeus, creeping fig; and F. microcarpa Linnaeus f., Indian-laurel.</p><!--
--><p>Rubber plants and weeping figs are commonly sold as houseplants. Economically, the most important species are those associated with the silk trade. Morus alba Linnaeus, M. indica Linnaeus, M. laevigata Wallis, and M. serrata Roxburgh, cultivated in many temperate and tropical countries, provide the natural food source for the silkworm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus.</p><!--
--><p>Cudrania tricuspidata (Carrière) Bureau ex Lavallée, used as a food source for silkworms when Morus spp. are in short supply, is cultivated in North America as a hedge plant. The fruit is edible. Native to Korea and China, C. tricuspidata is known from a collection made in 1956 in McIntosh County, Georgia (S. B. Jones Jr. and N. C. Coile 1988), and it is naturalized in Orange County, North Carolina (R. D. Whetstone, pers. comm.).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=engler1888b
|text=Engler, H. G. A. 1888b. Moraceae. In: H. G. A. Engler and K. Prantl, eds. 1887-1915. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.... 254 fasc. Leipzig. Fasc. 18[III,1], pp. 66-96.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rohwer1993a
|text=Rohwer, J. G. 1993b. Moraceae. In: K. Kubutzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 2+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 2, pp. 438-453.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tomlinson1980a
|text=Tomlinson, P. B. 1980. The Biology of Trees Native to Tropical Florida. Allston, Mass.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Herbs.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Trees, shrubs, or vines.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants lacking evident aerial stems, rhizomatous, perennial; inflorescences axillary, long-pedunculate.
|[[Dorstenia|Dorstenia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants caulescent, taprooted, annual; inflorescences axillary, short-pedunculate.
|[[Fatoua|Fatoua]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flowers all borne on inside of syconium; terminal vegetative bud surrounded by pair of stipules.
|[[Ficus|Ficus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flowers not borne on inside of syconium or only a solitary female flower immersed in receptacle; terminal vegetative bud scaly, not surrounded by pair of stipules.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Margins of leaf blade toothed, often lobed; venation appearing palmate, or weakly 3-veined from base.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Margins of leaf blade entire, never lobed; venation pinnate.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Pistillate inflorescences globose; styles unbranched.
|[[Broussonetia|Broussonetia]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Pistillate inflorescences cylindric; styles 2-branched.
|[[Morus|Morus]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, not leathery; trees deciduous; syncarps 8-12 cm diam.
|[[Maclura|Maclura]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blade oblong, leathery; trees evergreen; syncarps 1.5 cm diam.
|[[Brosimum|Brosimum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Moraceae
|author=Richard P. Wunderlin
|authority=Link
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Moraceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|distribution=Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions;less common in temperate areas
|reference=engler1888b;rohwer1993a;tomlinson1980a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_430.xml
|anther architecture or structure in adjective form=1-2-locular
|basal vein architecture=palmate
|basal vein quantity=3;5
|calyx lobe fusion=connate
|calyx lobe quantity=4
|cystolith presence=absent
|flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;pistillate;staminate
|flower reproduction=unisexual
|flower size=small
|fruit quantity=multiple
|herb duration=evergreen;deciduous
|leaf architecture=simple
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf-blade architecture or shape=with 3-5 basal palmate veins;pinnate
|margin shape=lobed;toothed;lobed;toothed;entire
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1(-2)-locular
|ovary position=inferior;superior
|ovary quantity=1
|ovule quantity=1
|petiole architecture=grooved
|pistil architecture=1-2-carpellate
|pistil quantity=1
|receptacle shape=flask--shaped
|receptacle texture=fleshy
|sap coloration=milky
|sepal fusion=connate;connate;distinct
|sepal quantity=2;6
|stamen course=straight
|stamen orientation=inflexed
|stamen variability=equal
|stigma architecture or shape=entire
|stigma quantity=1;2
|stipule duration=caducous;persistent
|stipule presence=absent
|style-branch quantity=1;2
|torus shape=flattened
}}<!--

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