View source for Magnolia virginiana

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Magnolia virginiana
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 535. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Sweet-bay;swamp-bay;laurier doux
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Species
|authority=(Linnaeus) Linnaeus
}}
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Species
|authority=Ashe
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Variety
|authority=(Ashe) Ashe
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Species
|authority=unknown
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Variety
|authority=Nuttall
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Subspecies
|authority=(Sargent) E. Murray
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Variety
|authority=Sargent
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Variety
|authority=Linnaeus
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Variety
|authority=Linnaeus
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Variety
|authority=Ashe
}}
|hierarchy=Magnoliaceae;Magnolia;Magnolia virginiana
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Magnoliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Magnolia]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Magnolia virginiana]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 3
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="shrub duration;shrub duration;shrub duration;shrub duration;shrub some measurement;shrub architecture;shrub some measurement;tree size;tree duration;tree duration;tree duration;tree duration;tree some measurement;tree architecture;tree some measurement"><b>Shrubs </b>or small trees, evergreen to partly evergreen or deciduous, multitrunked to 10m, or single-trunked to 28 m.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="bark coloration;bark architecture or pubescence or relief"><b>Bark </b>dark gray, smooth.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="pith architecture"><b>Pith </b>diaphragmed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="twig pubescence;twig pubescence;foliar bud pubescence;foliar bud pubescence"><b>Twigs </b>and foliar buds silky-pubescent, sometimes glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf arrangement;terminal cluster arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>distinctly alternate, not in terminal whorl-like clusters;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="stipule atypical length;stipule length;stipule width;stipule coloration;stipule pubescence;stipule architecture or function or pubescence">stipules 3-5.5 (-6) × 0.3-0.5 cm, abaxially brownish puberulent, red-glandular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade length;leaf-blade width;leaf-blade texture;base shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape"><b>Leaf-</b>blade oblong to elliptic, ovate to obovate, 6-22 × 2.6-7 cm, somewhat leathery, base cuneate, apex obtuse to acute or rounded to somewhat acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="surface coloration;surface pubescence;surface pubescence;surface pubescence;surface reflectance;surface coloration;surface reflectance">surfaces abaxially chalky white to glaucous, glabrous or densely silky-pubescent, adaxially dull green to lustrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower odor;flower some measurement"><b>Flowers </b>fragrant, 5-8 cm across;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="beak architecture;beak quantity;outer bract pubescence;inner bract pubescence;inner bract architecture or function or pubescence">spathaceous bracts 2, outer bract abaxially silky-pubescent, inner bract nearly glabrous, red-glandular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="tepal coloration;tepal architecture or function or pubescence;outermost segment orientation;outermost segment coloration">tepals creamy white, red-glandular, outermost segments reflexed, greenish;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity;stamen some measurement">stamens (32-) 63-90 (-102), 5.5-11 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="filament coloration">filaments white;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="pistil atypical quantity;pistil atypical quantity;pistil quantity">pistils (9-) 19-33 (-50).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="follicetum shape;follicetum shape;follicetum shape;follicetum length;follicetum width"><b>Follicetums </b>ellipsoid to nearly globose, 2-5.5 × 1.5-3 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="follicle architecture or shape;follicle pubescence">follicles short-beaked, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed some measurement"><b>Seeds </b>somewhat globose to lenticular, 5 mm, aril red.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="aril coloration;2n chromosome quantity">2n=38.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering spring.
|habitat=Swamps, bays, low wet woods, savannahs, chiefly in coastal plain and lower piedmont
|elevation=0-540 m
|distribution=Ala.;Ark.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;La.;Md.;Mass.;Miss.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.C.;Pa.;S.C.;Tenn.;Tex.;Va.
|discussion=<p>The most widely distributed species of Magnolia in the flora, M. virginiana occurs in two growth forms: deciduous and often multitrunked northward, and typically single-trunked and evergreen in the southern range. Where these forms overlap geographically in North Carolina and adjacent areas, intergradation occurs, and the identification of these intergrades is difficult, if not impossible. It has been impossible to pinpoint their occurrence in the zone of overlap. Herbarium specimens cannot be trusted to resolve this dilemma. Both filiform and flagelliform trichomes occur on the leaves, but these are without taxonomic significance. Some investigators have treated these habital variants as geographic varieties or as subspecies, but infraspecific taxa are not recognized here. Without other defining characteristics and no clear geographic correlation, infraspecific taxa have little significance or taxonomic value in M. virginiana. A thorough field study is needed to clarify the taxonomy of this otherwise well-known plant.</p><!--
--><p>Magnolia virginiana is widely cultivated. It was the first magnolia known in Europe, dating from 1688 in England. A few cultivars of both the deciduous and evergreen forms are now grown in cultivation. Magnolia virginiana is a parent of several hybrids, including the first known magnolia hybrid, M.× thompsoniana (Loudon) C. de Vos (=M. virginiana × M. tripetala), dating to 1808. Other hybrids include the so-called Freeman hybrids of M. grandiflora × M. virginiana and M. virginiana × M. hypoleuca with its cultivar 'Nimbus'.</p><!--
--><p>The largest known tree of Magnolia virginiana (the evergreen form), 28m in height with a trunk diameter of 1.4m, is recorded from Union County, Arkansas (American Forestry Association 1994).</p><!--
--><p>The Houma and Rappahannock tribes used decoctions of leaves, twigs, and bark of Magnolia virginiana to treat colds and chills, to warm the blood, and as a hallucinogen (D.E. Moerman 1986).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Magnolia virginiana
|author=
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Species;Variety;Species;Variety;Subspecies;Variety;Variety;Variety;Variety
|basionyms=Species
|family=Magnoliaceae
|phenology=Flowering spring.
|habitat=Swamps, bays, low wet woods, savannahs, chiefly in coastal plain and lower piedmont
|elevation=0-540 m
|distribution=Ala.;Ark.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;La.;Md.;Mass.;Miss.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.C.;Pa.;S.C.;Tenn.;Tex.;Va.
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=Endemic
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_361.xml
|genus=Magnolia
|species=Magnolia virginiana
|2n chromosome quantity=38
|apex shape=acuminate;obtuse;acute or rounded
|aril coloration=red
|bark architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|bark coloration=dark gray
|base shape=cuneate
|beak architecture=spathaceous
|beak quantity=2
|filament coloration=white
|flower odor=fragrant
|flower some measurement=5cm;8cm
|foliar bud pubescence=glabrous;silky-pubescent
|follicetum length=2cm;5.5cm
|follicetum shape=ellipsoid;nearly globose
|follicetum width=1.5cm;3cm
|follicle architecture or shape=short-beaked
|follicle pubescence=glabrous
|inner bract architecture or function or pubescence=red-glandular
|inner bract pubescence=glabrous
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf-blade length=6cm;22cm
|leaf-blade shape=oblong;elliptic ovate
|leaf-blade texture=leathery
|leaf-blade width=2.6cm;7cm
|outer bract pubescence=silky-pubescent
|outermost segment coloration=greenish
|outermost segment orientation=reflexed
|pistil atypical quantity=33;50
|pistil quantity=19;33
|pith architecture=diaphragmed
|seed shape=globose;lenticular
|seed some measurement=5
|shrub architecture=single-trunked
|shrub duration=evergreen;partly evergreen or deciduous
|shrub some measurement=0m;28m
|stamen atypical quantity=90;102
|stamen quantity=63;90
|stamen some measurement=5.5mm;11mm
|stipule architecture or function or pubescence=red-glandular
|stipule atypical length=5.5cm;6cm
|stipule coloration=brownish
|stipule length=3cm;5.5cm
|stipule pubescence=puberulent
|stipule width=0.3cm;0.5cm
|surface coloration=green;chalky white
|surface pubescence=silky-pubescent;glabrous;glaucous
|surface reflectance=lustrous;dull
|tepal architecture or function or pubescence=red-glandular
|tepal coloration=creamy white
|terminal cluster arrangement=whorl-like
|tree architecture=single-trunked
|tree duration=evergreen;partly evergreen or deciduous
|tree size=small
|tree some measurement=0m;28m
|twig pubescence=glabrous;silky-pubescent
}}<!--

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