View source for Berberis aquifolium

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Berberis aquifolium
|accepted_authority=Pursh
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. Amer. Sept.,
|place=219. 1814
|year=1814
}}
|common_names=Oregon-grape
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Selected by author to be illustrated
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Mahonia aquifolium
|authority=(Pursh) Nuttall
}}
|hierarchy=Berberidaceae;Berberis;Berberis aquifolium
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Berberidaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Berberis]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Berberis aquifolium]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 3
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="shrub duration;shrub atypical some measurement;shrub some measurement"><b>Shrubs,</b> evergreen, 0.3-3 (-4.5) m.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem architecture;axillary shoot height or length or size"><b>Stems </b>usually monomorphic, seldom with short axillary shoots.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="bark coloration;bark coloration;bark pubescence"><b>Bark </b>of 2d-year stems gray-brown or purplish, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="bud-scale atypical distance;bud-scale distance;bud-scale duration"><b>Bud-</b>scales 4-8 (-14) mm, deciduous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="spine presence"><b>Spines </b>absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>5-9-foliolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="petiole some measurement">petioles 1-6 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="leaflet blade width;leaflet blade fragility;leaflet blade texture"><b>Leaflet </b>blades thin and flexible or rather rigid;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="surface reflectance;surface architecture or pubescence or relief;surface reflectance;surface coloration">surfaces abaxially glossy, smooth, adaxially glossy, green;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="terminal leaflet architecture;blade atypical length;blade length;blade atypical width;blade width;blade l w ratio">terminal leaflet stalked, blade 5.1-8.7 (-14.5) × 2.4-4.5 (-5.5) cm, 1.7-2.5 times as long as wide;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="leaflet blade shape;leaflet blade shape;leaflet blade shape;leaflet blade architecture;base shape;base shape;base shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture;tooth quantity;tooth some measurement;spine length;spine width;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape">lateral leaflet blades lanceovate to lance-elliptic, 1 (-3) -veined from base, base obtuse or truncate, rarely weakly cordate, margins plane or undulate, toothed, each with 5-21 teeth 0-2 mm tipped with spines to 0.8-2.2 × 0.2-0.3 mm, apex acute or sometimes obtuse or rounded.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence density;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence atypical some measurement;inflorescence some measurement"><b>Inflorescences </b>racemose, dense, 30-60-flowered, 3-9 (-11) cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="bracteole texture;apex shape;apex shape;apex architecture or shape">bracteoles membranous, apex rounded or obtuse, sometimes apiculate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="lateral tooth orientation"><b>Flowers:</b> anther-filaments with distal pair of recurved lateral teeth.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties=""><b>Berries </b>blue, glaucous, oblong-ovoid, 6-10 mm, juicy, solid.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="berry coloration;berry pubescence;berry shape;berry some measurement;berry texture;berry architecture;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity">2n = 28, 56.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering winter–spring (Mar–Jun).
|habitat=Open woods and shrublands
|elevation=0-2100 m
|distribution=B.C.;Calif.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Wash.
|discussion=<p>Berberis aquifolium is the state flower of Oregon. It is widely used as an ornamental and has been reported as an escape from cultivation in scattered localities across the continent (Ontario, Quebec, central California, Michigan, and Nevada).</p><!--
--><p>Berberis aquifolium is resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis.</p><!--
--><p>Medicinally, various root preparations of Berberis aquifolium were used by Native Americans for stomach trouble, hemorrhages, and tuberculosis; as a panacea, a tonic, a gargle, and an eye wash; and to purify blood. Leaves and roots were used in steam baths to treat yellow fever; karok was used as a poison; and the tips of stems were used to treat stomach aches (D. E. Moermann 1986).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Berberis aquifolium
|author=
|authority=Pursh
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Mahonia aquifolium
|basionyms=
|family=Berberidaceae
|phenology=Flowering winter–spring (Mar–Jun).
|habitat=Open woods and shrublands
|elevation=0-2100 m
|distribution=B.C.;Calif.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Wash.
|reference=None
|publication title=Fl. Amer. Sept.,
|publication year=1814
|special status=Endemic;Selected by author to be illustrated
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_1169.xml
|genus=Berberis
|species=Berberis aquifolium
|2n chromosome quantity=56;28
|apex architecture or shape=apiculate
|apex shape=obtuse;rounded;rounded;obtuse;sometimes;acute
|axillary shoot height or length or size=short
|bark coloration=purplish;gray-brown
|bark pubescence=glabrous
|base shape=cordate;truncate;obtuse
|berry architecture=solid
|berry coloration=blue
|berry pubescence=glaucous
|berry shape=oblong-ovoid
|berry some measurement=6mm;10mm
|berry texture=juicy
|blade atypical length=8.7cm;14.5cm
|blade atypical width=4.5cm;5.5cm
|blade l w ratio=1.7-2.5
|blade length=5.1cm;8.7cm
|blade width=2.4cm;4.5cm
|bracteole texture=membranous
|bud-scale atypical distance=8mm;14mm
|bud-scale distance=4mm;8mm
|bud-scale duration=deciduous
|inflorescence architecture=30-60-flowered
|inflorescence arrangement=racemose
|inflorescence atypical some measurement=9cm;11cm
|inflorescence density=dense
|inflorescence some measurement=3cm;9cm
|lateral tooth orientation=recurved
|leaf architecture=5-9-foliolate
|leaflet blade architecture=1(-3)-veined
|leaflet blade fragility=pliable
|leaflet blade shape=lanceovate;lance-elliptic
|leaflet blade texture=rigid
|leaflet blade width=thin
|margin architecture=tipped
|margin shape=toothed;undulate;plane
|petiole some measurement=1cm;6cm
|shrub atypical some measurement=3m;4.5m
|shrub duration=evergreen
|shrub some measurement=0.3m;3m
|spine length=0.8mm;2.2mm
|spine presence=absent
|spine width=0.2mm;0.3mm
|stem architecture=monomorphic
|surface architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|surface coloration=green
|surface reflectance=glossy;glossy
|terminal leaflet architecture=stalked
|tooth quantity=5;21
|tooth some measurement=0mm;2mm
}}<!--

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