View source for Persicaria hydropiper

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Persicaria hydropiper
|accepted_authority=(Linnaeus) Spach
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Hist. Nat. Vég.
|place=10: 536. 1841
|year=1841
}}
|common_names=Marsh-pepper smartweed;water-pepper;renouée poivre-d’eau
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum hydropiper
|authority=Linnaeus
}}
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum hydropiper var. projectum
|authority=Stanford
}}
|hierarchy=Polygonaceae;Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae;Persicaria;Persicaria sect. Persicaria;Persicaria hydropiper
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Polygonaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Persicaria]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>section</small>[[Persicaria sect. Persicaria]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Persicaria hydropiper]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 582, 587, 591
|treatment_page=page 590
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual, 2–8(–10) dm; roots also often arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes and stolons absent. <b>Stems</b> decumbent to ascending or erect, branched, without noticeable ribs, glabrous, glandular-punctate. <b>Leaves</b>: ocrea brown, cylindric or funnelform, (8–)10–15 mm, chartaceous, base inflated, margins truncate, ciliate with bristles 1–4 mm, surface glabrous or strigose, usually glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1–0.8 cm, glandular-punctate, leaves sometimes sessile; blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, lanceolate to narrowly rhombic, (1.5–)4–10(–15) × 0.4–2.5 cm, base tapered or cuneate, margins antrorsely strigose, apex acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or scabrous along midveins, glandular-punctate, sometimes obscurely so adaxially. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal and axillary, erect or nodding, interrupted or uninterrupted distally, 30–180 × 5–9 mm; peduncle (0–)10–50 mm, sometimes absent on axillary inflorescences and flowers thus enclosed in ocreae, glabrous, glandular-punctate; ocreolae not overlapping or overlapping distally, margins eciliate or ciliate with bristles to 1 mm. <b>Pedicels</b> ascending, 1–3 mm. <b>Flowers</b> 1–3(–5) per ocreate fascicle, homostylous; perianth greenish proximally, white or pink distally, glandular-punctate with punctae ± uniformly distributed, scarcely accrescent; tepals 4–5, connate ca. 1/3 their length, petaloid, obovate, 2–3.5 mm, veins prominent or not, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded; stamens 6–8, included; anthers pink or red, elliptic to ovate; styles 2–3, connate proximally. <b>Achenes</b> included or apex exserted, brownish black, biconvex or 3-gonous, 1.9–3 × 1.5–2 mm, dull, minutely roughened. <b>2n</b> = 20.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering May–Nov.
|habitat=Shorelines of lake and ponds, banks of streams and rivers, fens, forested wetlands, pastures, occasionally waste ground
|elevation=0-1500 m
|distribution=St. Pierre and Miquelon;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Ala.;Alaska;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;Europe;introduced also in Asia;nw Africa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii;New Zealand);Australia.
|discussion=<p>All parts of <i>Persicaria hydropiper</i> have an acrid, pepperlike taste. The plants have a long history of medicinal use in Europe, and the oily exudate produced in multicellular glands can cause skin irritation, hence the common name smartweed (R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean 1978). Some Native American tribes used <i>P. hydropiper</i> as a drug to treat a variety of ailments, and the Cherokee and Iroquois consumed it as food (D. E. Moerman 1998).</p><!--
--><p>Herbarium specimens of <i>Persicaria hydropiper</i> often are misidentified as <i>P. punctata</i>. In addition to its minutely roughened and dull achenes, <i>P. hydropiper</i> differs from <i>P. punctata</i> frequently in bearing flowers enclosed in the ocreae, the inflorescences thus appearing somewhat leafy. By contrast, inflorescences of <i>P. punctata</i> generally appear terminal and leafless.</p>
|tables=
|references=
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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Persicaria hydropiper
|author=
|authority=(Linnaeus) Spach
|rank=species
|parent rank=section
|synonyms=Polygonum hydropiper var. projectum
|basionyms=Polygonum hydropiper
|family=Polygonaceae
|phenology=Flowering May–Nov.
|habitat=Shorelines of lake and ponds, banks of streams and rivers, fens, forested wetlands, pastures, occasionally waste ground
|elevation=0-1500 m
|distribution=St. Pierre and Miquelon;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Ala.;Alaska;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;Europe;introduced also in Asia;nw Africa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii;New Zealand);Australia.
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=Hist. Nat. Vég.
|publication year=1841
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/8f726806613d60c220dc4493de13607dd3150896/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V5/V5_1203.xml
|subfamily=Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae
|genus=Persicaria
|section=Persicaria sect. Persicaria
|species=Persicaria hydropiper
}}<!--

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