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Withering) Smith Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 363. Mentioned on page 362. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

Elevation: low to high elevations Generated Map Legacy Map File:V28 44-distribution-map.gif, File:V28 44-distribution-map.jpg Greenland, Alta., B.C., N.B

6–1.2 mm. Leaves 0.5–2 mm, distal lamina cells irregularly short-rhombic with a few cells quadrate, about (1–)2–3:1, proximal cells longer. Seta 2–2.5

Frond., 71. 1801 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 327. Mentioned on page 324, 363. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

xanthopus Sullivant Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 446. Mentioned on page 15, 377, 445, 557. Plants in open to dense tufts, turfs, or mats

William D. Reese† Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 664. Mentioned on page 21. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America

bark of trees Elevation: 0-2000 m Generated Map Legacy Map File:V27 513-distribution-map.gif, File:V27 513-distribution-map.jpg Ark., Ill., Iowa, Ky., Md.

Frond., 58. 1801 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 449. Mentioned on page 448. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

Treatment on page 405. Mentioned on page 399, 403. Plants in loose tufts, green to light green, glossy to somewhat dull. Stems 3–16 cm, naked or with a few whitish

Ireland Jr. Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 411. Mentioned on page 400, 410, 412, 414, 417. Plants light green to dark brownish green

Richard H. Zander Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 104. Mentioned on page 103. Plants reddish to black. Leaves erect-spreading, straight

3, 261. 1838 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 57. Mentioned on page 83. Stems green. Branch leaves very concave, truncate and toothed

, 135. 1801 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 442. Mentioned on page 30, 441. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

fulvellum Smith Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 363. Mentioned on page 362. Plants small, in compact, moderately shiny, yellow-brown

acicularis Kindberg Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 439. Mentioned on page 437. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

at distal end. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2–3 pendent branches. Branch stems green, with cortex enlarged with retort cells. Branch leaves ovate;

involute in distal portion, appearing cucullate with toothed apex, usually no more than 6 teeth; hyaline cells with 5 or more ringed, round to elliptical pores

Branch fascicles with 2–3 spreading and 2–3(4) pendent branches. Branch leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.2–2 mm; subsecund; hyaline cells with numerous tiny

surface with numerous small free pores in proximal 2/3 of leaf and in apical region with numerous pseudopores along commissures, on concave surface with numerous

non-septate and absent comb-fibrils. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 1–2 hanging branches. Branch stems with hyaline cells non-ornamented, no or weak funnel-like

scabrifolium Dixon Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 453. Mentioned on page 451, 454, 455. Plants in loose to dense tufts, yellowish green

Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2–3 pendent branches. Branch stems green, but often pinkish at the proximal ends, with cortex enlarged with conspicuous

leaves loosely imbricate. Branch fascicles with 2–3 spreading and 2–3 pendent branches. Branch stems with hyaline cells non-ornamented; no or weak funnel-like

than proximal end. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2–3 pendent branches. Branch stems with cortex enlarged with conspicuous retort cells, often pinkish

and tapering, not 5-ranked. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 1–2 pendent branches. Branch stem with solitary retort cells or in groups of 2–3, necks

Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2–3 pendent branches. Branch stems green but proximal end sometimes red, with cortex enlarged with conspicuous retort

involute near apex; hyaline cells on convex surface with elliptic pores along commissures, concave surface with large round pores away from commissures in proximal

apex with 1–3 pores per cell, on concave surface near apex 1–4 pores per cell. Branches arched but rarely curved and contorted. Branch fascicles with 2–3

similar to stem leaves but with a somewhat longer subula narrowing more abruptly from the base. Seta becoming reddish with age, to 1.5 cm, erect. Capsule

to somewhat inclined, yellow to brownish yellow, reddish brown with age, subcylindric, with a broadened base tapering gradually to a narrowed mouth, 1–2

Sphagnum fuscum, which is associated with S. angustifolium, S. fallax, S. magellanicum, S. papillosum, and more infrequently with S. teres, and S. warnstorfii

S. Williams Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 453. Mentioned on page 450. Plants in tufts, yellowish brown to dark green, often shiny

rather tall, lax, weakly branched forms with longer leaves in wet sites to short, strongly branched forms with shorter leaves in drier sites. The perichaetial

plate 29. 1811 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 452. Mentioned on page 395, 450, 453, 557. Plants usually in dense tufts, green to brownish

Treatment on page 369. Leaves with concolorous, cucullate tips. Habitat: Wet rocks Elevation: elevation not known (mountain) Generated Map Legacy Map File:V27

just modifications associated with higher elevations. It may perhaps deserve to be recognized at the varietal rank. Forms with falcate leaves as occurring

longicollis Eaton Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 435. Mentioned on page 434. Distal leaves long-subulate, 1.8–4.7 mm, leaf base weakly

abaxially ridged. Specialized asexual reproduction by deciduous leaves or broken leaf tips. Sporophytes not known. Habitat: Wet soil and soil covered rocks

27. Treatment on page 380. Mentioned on page 377, 378, 381. Stems to 1.5 cm. Leaves to 1.5 mm, broadly lanceolate, nearly all leaves with bluntly rounded

perichaetial leaves gradually acuminate, ± subulate from a lanceolate base; costa with a single row of guide cells, and both adaxial and abaxial stereid bands,

hexagonal. The leaves of R. crispata are serrulate with small teeth, while R. crenulata has dentate leaves with larger, widely spaced teeth. None. None. window

and curled when dry, plane in many leaves, 2-stratose in distal 1/2, cells with longitudinal striolae in distal 1/2 of leaf; usually a few alar cells enlarged

also open sand in dunes with Pinus contorta Elevation: 80-200 m Generated Map Legacy Map File:V27 531-distribution-map.gif, File:V27 531-distribution-map

frequent, multicellular gemmae frequent on abaxial surface of leaves. Capsule with annulus of 1–3 rows of somewhat separating cells; peristome smooth basally

distichous leaves with shiny, whitish, oblong, sheathing bases are characteristic. This is a taller species than D. inclinatum, with plants less crowded

thick and deep polsters with only a few millimeters of living leaves and much brown material below. In fruit it is unmistakable, with pendent, cygneous setae

Philibert) Mönkemeyer Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 449. Mentioned on page 448. Stems to ca. 2 cm, occasionally longer. Sexual condition

hutchinsonii Krajina Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 390. Mentioned on page 387. Plants to 23 mm, dull brown to red-brown. Leaves erect-spreading

falcata (Hedwig) Loeske Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 422. Mentioned on page 363, 421, 423. Plants in low, dense tufts, green, dull. Stems

Braithwaite Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 424. Mentioned on page 423, 430, 431, 432. Plants soft, in small, loose tufts, light

Braithwaite Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 424. Mentioned on page 423, 432. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

molle (Wilson) Lindberg Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 423. Mentioned on page 421. Plants robust, in loose tufts, mostly green to yellow, shiny

Mohr) Loeske Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 421. Mentioned on page 422, 423. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

Williams) Grout Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 421. Mentioned on page 423. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

schimperi (Milde) Husnot Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 372. Mentioned on page 368, 374. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

1: 23. 1859 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 429. Mentioned on page 428, 430. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

hook-shaped leaves. It is often confused with D. denudatum, which has shorter leaves, mostly less than 8 mm, auriculate, with an indistinct costa and alar cells

pyriformis was also found mixed with C. surinamensis, but can be distinguished by the more elongate, narrowly lanceolate leaves with a channelled apex, a long-excurrent

virginicum Austin Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 394. Mentioned on page 395. Plants brown proximally, yellowish to dark green distally

Cynodontium gracilescens. The seta ranges from cygneous, with the capsule pendent, to arched or bowed, with the capsule more inclined to the horizontal. The seta

Dicranum pusillum Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 391. Mentioned on page 387. Plants to 6 mm (or rarely, when sterile, to 30 mm), in dull

Sande La Coste Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 373. Mentioned on page 367, 374. Plants 2–5 cm, yellowish green, stiff, evenly foliate

squarrosa (Schrader) Schimper Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 388. Mentioned on page 383, 387, 389. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora

rubra Lindberg Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 389. Mentioned on page 387, 390. Plants 4–15 mm, dirty to light green or yellowish. Leaves

paradoxus Wilson Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 370. Mentioned on page 367, 368, 375. Plants in dense, 1–3 cm, dark green mats, usually

boreal species with shiny, light green to yellowish brown, erect-spreading leaves. The distal portion of the leaves is fragile and often broken off, thereby

distal part with round, oblong, somewhat rectangular cells with few pits, cells smooth or prorate on abaxial surface, in cross section the lamina with a few

is easily recognized by the turgid aspect of the plants with arched, imbricate leaves and with interruptedly foliate stems, i.e., some regions that appear

Treatment on page 401. Mentioned on page 399, 402, 403, 407. Plants in loose tufts, light green, glossy. Stems 4–15 cm, densely tomentose with whitish or

Treatment on page 404. Mentioned on page 399, 405. Plants in loose tufts, yellow to yellowish green, glossy. Stems 2–8 cm, scarcely tomentose with whitish to

readily be confused with the closely related D. groenlandicum. They both are arctic-alpine species sharing nearly the same type of habitat with almost the same

Ireland Jr. Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 416. Mentioned on page 399, 400. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

curvata (Hedwig) Rabenhorst Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 392. Mentioned on page 387, 393. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

& Lesquereux Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 465. Mentioned on page 463, 464. Stem leaves patent to erect-spreading, concave, lamina

Ireland Jr. Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 414. Mentioned on page 400, 410. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

recognized by the setaceous, erect-flexuose to falcate-secund leaves with auriculate bases with inflated, hyaline or sometimes reddish alar cells. The leaves

subflavescens Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 384. Mentioned on page 381, 383, 386, 564, 575, 585. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright:

Leptotrichum canadense Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 389. Mentioned on page 383, 387, 388. Plants 5–20 mm (or rarely more), yellowish. Leaves

subtubulose leaves, with almost entirely 2-stratose laminae above, and erect capsules. When D. fulvum has some of its leaf apices broken off, which is not

reproduction. It has on occasion been confused with 22. D. fulvum, which has nearly the same distribution, and rarely with 21. D. fragilifolium where their ranges

1/10–1/5 the width of the leaves at base, usually with 2–4 toothed ridges above on abaxial surface, with a row of guide cells, two thin stereid bands, adaxial

occasion, the species when sterile can be confused with D. ontariense. Dicranum undulatum has shiny leaves with twisted apices when dry compared to the more

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 85. Branch leaves with chlorophyllous cells often with faint papillae on interior walls. Habitat: Coniferous

Panicles with 3-7 branches in a single digitate cluster; branches 6-11 cm, erect to slightly divergent, with 8-11 spikelets per cm. Spikelets with 1 bisexual

entire or with a few serrulations near apex; costa covering ca. 9/10 or more of leaf base, smooth on abaxial surface, in cross section with a row of adaxial

Panicles with (1)2-4(7) branches in a single digitate cluster; branches 7-15(25) cm, divergent to drooping, spikelet-bearing to the base. Spikelets with 2 florets

Dale H. Vitt Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 323. Mentioned on page 321, 324. Plants tiny, olive green. Leaves ovate-oblong to broadly

longicollis (Michaux) Arnott Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 438. Mentioned on page 437. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

Treatment on page 75. Mentioned on page 62. Plants stiff and upright, large; green to pale green to brownish, capitulum large and flat, with a conspicuous

Treatment on page 76. Mentioned on page 62, 81, 84, 96. Plants small, slender and weak-stemmed; pale yellow to golden brown, rarely tinged with red; capitulum

clavate and rounded at distal end. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2 pendent branches. Branch stems with hyaline cell comb-lamellae visible on interior

pilose. Panicles with 3-10(15) racemosely arranged branches, usually most nodes with more than 1 branch; branches 6-10 cm, naked below, with about 4 spikelets

bartlettianum, with which it has small range overlap. Sphagnum warnstorfii has a shorter and less sharply pointed stem leaf and the red color with a characteristic

Richard E. Andrus Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 98. Mentioned on page 87, 88, 91, 92, 95. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright:

rhombic and 0–3-septate with some cells in leaf midregion 2–septate. Branches weakly to strongly 5-ranked. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 1–2 pendent

on page 84. Mentioned on page 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 90. Plants small, slender, often wiry; green, yellow-brown or golden brown; capitulum small with terminal

Pazdírková Copyright: Utah State University Plants perennial; cespitose, with or without rhizomes. Culms 20-70 cm, erect; nodes glabrous or pubescent.

mainly cauline; sheaths glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, sometimes with papillose-based hairs; ligules 0.2-1.5 mm, entire to lacerate; blades 2.4-12

Pazdírková Copyright: Utah State University Plants perennial; loosely tufted, with long, creeping rhizomes. Culms 20-60 cm, erect; lower nodes glabrous or pubescent;

helicophylla Montagne Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 431. Mentioned on page 432. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North

patula (Chapman) Britton Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 209. Mentioned on page 5, 200, 201, 208. Please click on the illustration for a higher

and blunt, leaves spreading. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2–3 pendent branches. Branch stems with hyaline cells non-ornamented, no or weak funnel-like

at distal end. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2 pendent branches. Branch stems green, with cortex enlarged with conspicuous retort cells. Branch

end, leaves loosely spreading. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 1–2 pendent branches. Branch stems with hyaline cells non-ornamented, no or weak funnel-like

condition dioicous. Capsule exserted, with few pseudostomata. Spores 23–35 µm; papillose on both surfaces, with indistinct Y-mark sculpture on distal surface;

Branches long and tapering with distinct squarrose spreading leaves, often terete in tundra forms. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2–3 pendent branches

robustum Russow Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 97. Mentioned on page 85, 86, 87, 92, 94, 96, 101. Plants ± moderate-sized, stiff and

shade forms. Branch fascicles typically with 3 spreading (sometimes 2) and 2 pendent branches. Branch stems with single layer of cortical cells. Branch

end of branches. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2 pendent branches. Branch stems green, cortex enlarged with conspicuous retort cells. Branch leaves

conspicuous in distal half, in cross section with adaxial hyalocysts, median chlorocysts and abaxial hyalocysts with scattered chlorocysts in some abaxial cells

surface with numerous oval to elliptic pores along commissures grading from small pores near apex to large round pores at base, concave surface with large

acaulescent or sometimes caulescent, strigillose, also hirsute, hairs often with reddish purple pustulate base, glandular puberulent distally; from a woody