View source for Calycadenia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Calycadenia
|accepted_authority=de Candolle in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr.
|place=5: 695. 1836
|year=1836
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae;Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Madiinae;Calycadenia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subtribe</small>[[Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Madiinae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Calycadenia]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek calyx, cup, and aden, gland, alluding to tack-glands of peduncular bracts and/or phyllaries
|volume=Volume 21
|mention_page=page 256, 271, 276, 280, 291
|treatment_page=page 270
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Annuals,</b> 5–120 cm (mostly self-incompatible). <b>Stems</b> erect to spreading (unbranched or branched). <b>Leaves</b> basal and cauline (at least basal mostly withering before flowering); usually mostly alternate (opposite in <i>C. oppositifolia</i>); sessile; blades linear (grasslike), margins entire or sparsely toothed (revolute), faces often scabrous. <b>Heads</b> radiate, usually borne singly or in open to dense, corymbiform or ± spiciform arrays, sometimes in axillary glomerules. <b>Peduncular</b> bracts (and reduced, distal leaves; peduncles often relatively short, bracts crowded, closely subtending phyllaries): tack-glands 0 or 1–6+ (at tips and, sometimes, on margins; margins sometimes thickened or rolled, often proximally pectinate and/or ciliate). <b>Phyllaries</b> falling or persistent, 1–6 in 1 series (each partly enveloping a ray cypsela, commonly with simple and/or tack-glands). <b>Receptacles</b> ± flat, hairy, paleate (paleae falling or persistent, in 1 series between rays and discs, ± connate, forming plicate cups, distinct apices usually acute to acuminate). <b>Ray</b> florets 1–6, pistillate, fertile; corollas white or cream to rose, or yellow, sometimes with proximal dark-red spot (laminae 3-lobed, lobes spreading or ± parallel, lengths 1/4+ total laminae). <b>Disc</b> florets 1–25, usually bisexual and fertile; corollas white or cream to rose, or yellow, tubes shorter than throats, lobes 5, deltate to lance-ovate (anthers usually dark purple, rarely yellow or light brown). <b>Ray</b> cypselae usually obcompressed (± 3-angled, abaxial sides ± 2-faced, angles between those faces 90+°, adaxial sides ± flat, overall smooth or rough-wrinkled, glabrous or hairy); pappi 0. <b>Disc</b> cypselae narrowly clavate (usually angled in cross section, glabrous or hairy); pappi usually of 6–13 subulate to lanceolate-aristate or shorter and broader scales (longer and shorter often alternating), rarely 0. <b>x</b> = 4, 5, 6, 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=w United States.
|discussion=<p>Species 10 (10 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p><i>Calycadenia</i> is nearly confined to the Central Valley and adjacent lower elevations of bordering mountain ranges of California. R. L. Carr and G. D. Carr (1993) recognized nine species; a tenth species is included here. All species except <i>C. hooveri</i> and <i>C. micrantha</i> are strongly self-incompatible. The genus appears to exhibit two contrasting modes of evolution (G. D. Carr 1977). One group of taxa (<i>C. pauciflora</i> and <i>C. fremontii</i> complex) comprises distinct chromosome races that lack clear and consistent morphologic differentiation. The chromosome races are differentiated primarily by reciprocal chromosome translocations and, in some cases, paracentric inversions (G. D. Carr 1975, 1975b, 1977, 1980; Carr and Carr 1983, 2000). In contrast, <i>C. multiglandulosa</i> and <i>C. hispida</i> (combined in this treatment) consist of distinct morphologic races (D. D. Keck 1960b) and lack chromosomal differentiation. Our incomplete understanding of the biology of this genus makes the production of a clear, concise, and practical taxonomic treatment difficult.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=baldwin1998a
|text=Baldwin, B. G. and S. Markos. 1998. Phylogenetic utility of the external transcribed spacer (ETS) of 18S-26S rDNA: Congruence of ETS and ITS trees of Calycadenia (Compositae). Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 10: 449–463.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=carr1977a
|text=Carr, G. D. 1977. A cytological conspectus of the genus Calycadenia (Asteraceae): An example of contrasting modes of evolution. Amer. J. Bot. 64: 694–703.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Peduncular bracts (and, sometimes, paleae): tack-glands (0–)2–6+ (some Butte County plants of C. fremontii and C. pauciflora with fewer tack-glands are usually less than 20 cm); ray laminae: central lobes equaling or narrower than laterals, widest near or beyond middles (except in C. multiglandulosa, with copious tack-glands on peduncular bracts and paleae)
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Peduncular bracts: tack-glands (0–)1 (and terminal), or 3–6+ (and confined to thickened or rolled margins in Calycadenia mollis); paleae: tack-glands 0; ray laminae: central lobes usually notably smaller than laterals, widest at bases (widest beyond middles in Calycadenia mollis)
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves opposite (heads in congested, axillary and terminal glomerules, appearing whorled)
|[[Calycadenia oppositifolia|Calycadenia oppositifolia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves mostly alternate (sometimes opposite to beyond midstems in C. multiglandulosa; heads borne singly or in glomerules in corymbiform or spiciform arrays, not appearing whorled)
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray laminae: central lobes widest at bases (notably smaller and narrower thanlaterals)
|[[Calycadenia multiglandulosa|Calycadenia multiglandulosa]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray laminae: central lobes widest near or beyond middles (± similar to laterals)
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Stems branched (plants usually without obvious axes, branches relatively many, slender, usually divergent, often zigzag); paleae 4–6 mm (receptacular cups± clavate to fusiform, lengths ± 2 times diams.); ray florets 1(–2), corollas whiteto reddish; disc florets 2–5
|[[Calycadenia pauciflora|Calycadenia pauciflora]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Stems simple or branched (plants with main axes usually obvious, except in some populations centered in Butte, s Lake, and Sonoma counties, branches relatively few, ± rigid); paleae 3–7 mm (receptacular cups ± campanulate, lengths ± equaling diams.); ray florets (1–)2–6, corollas white or cream to pinkish, or yellow (laminae sometimes basally reddish); disc florets (4–)6–21
|[[Calycadenia fremontii|Calycadenia fremontii]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Peduncular bracts: apices rounded, tack-glands mostly 3–6+ (confined to thickened or rolled margins); ray laminae: central lobes slightly narrower than laterals, widest beyondmiddles
|[[Calycadenia mollis|Calycadenia mollis]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Peduncular bracts: apices concave, rounded, or truncate, tack-glands usually 1 (terminal); ray laminae: central lobes notably smaller than laterals, widest at bases
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Corollas yellow; ray cypselae rough-wrinkled
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Corollas white (sometimes fading reddish); ray cypselae usually smooth (rough-wrinkled in some C. hooveri)
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants 20–120 cm (sometimes robust); ray laminae (4–)5–12 mm
|[[Calycadenia truncata|Calycadenia truncata]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants 10–50 cm (relatively slender); ray laminae 2–2.5(–3) mm
|[[Calycadenia micrantha|Calycadenia micrantha]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stems branched (branches flexible); ray florets (0–)1(–2); disc florets 1–2; ray cypselaeglabrous
|[[Calycadenia hooveri|Calycadenia hooveri]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stems branched (branches rigid); ray florets 1–5; disc florets 4–15; ray cypselae densely appressed-hairy
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Peduncular bracts lance-elliptic (flat distally), apices rounded to truncate
|[[Calycadenia villosa|Calycadenia villosa]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Peduncular bracts narrowly lanceolate or lance-attenuate (± cylindric distally 1–3+ mm), apices truncate to strongly concave
|[[Calycadenia spicata|Calycadenia spicata]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Calycadenia
|author=Robert L. Carr;Gerald D. Carr
|authority=de Candolle in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subtribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|illustrator=Marjorie C. Leggitt
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=w United States.
|reference=baldwin1998a;carr1977a
|publication title=in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr.
|publication year=1836
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V19-20-21/V21_663.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae
|subtribe=Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Madiinae
|genus=Calycadenia
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Madiinae]]