View source for Anthoxanthum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Anthoxanthum
|accepted_authority=L.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Pooideae;Poaceae tribe Poeae;Anthoxanthum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Pooideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Poeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Anthoxanthum]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 758
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial or annual; densely to loosely cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous; fragrant. <b>Culms</b> 4-100 cm, erect or geniculate, sometimes branched; internodes hollow. <b>Leaves</b> cauline or basally concentrated, glabrous or softly hairy; sheaths open; auricles absent or present; ligules membranous, sometimes shortly ciliate or somewhat erose; blades flat or rolled, glabrous or sparsely pilose. <b>Inflorescences</b> open or contracted panicles, sometimes spikelike. <b>Spikelets</b> pedicellate or sessile, 2.5-10 mm, laterally compressed, stramineous to brown at maturity, with 3 florets, lowest 2 florets staminate or reduced to dorsally awned lemmas subequal to or exceeding distal floret, distal floret bisexual, unawned; rachillas not prolonged beyond the base of the distal floret; disarticulation above the glumes, the florets falling together. <b>Glumes</b> unequal or subequal, equaling or exceeding the florets, lanceolate to ovate, glabrous or pilose, keeled; calluses blunt, glabrous or hairy. <b>Lowest</b> 2 florets: lemmas strongly compressed, 3-veined, strigose, hairs brown, apices bilobed, unawned or dorsally awned. <b>Distal</b> florets: lemmas somewhat indurate, glabrous or pubescent, shiny, inconspicuously 3-7-veined, unawned; paleas 1-veined, enclosed by the lemmas; lodicules 2 or absent; anthers 2 or 3. <b>Caryopses</b> shorter than the lemmas, concealed at maturity, tightly enclosed in the florets; hila less than 1/3 the length of the caryopses, oval, x = 5.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;W.Va.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Yukon;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Alaska;Va.;Colo.;Iowa;Miss.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Okla.;Idaho;Md.;Ohio;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Oreg.;Mont.;Ky.
|discussion=<p><i>Anthoxanthum</i> is a cool-season genus of about 50 species that grow in temperate and arctic regions throughout the world. There are seven species in the Flora region, five of which are native. The fragrance emitted when fresh plants are crushed or burned is from coumarin. In addition to smelling pleasant, coumarin has anti-coagulant properties. It is the active ingredient in Coumadin, a prescription drug used to prevent blood clots in some patients after surgery. A disadvantage of coumarin is that it is metabolized by species of the fungal genus Aspergillus to dicoumarol, which induces vitamin K deficiency and a susceptibility to hemorrhaging in wounded animals. Because of this, using moldy hay containing <i>Anthoxanthum</i> as feed is dangerous.</p><!--
--><p>This treatment follows the recommendation of Schouten and Veldkamp (1985) in merging what have traditionally be treated as two genera, <i>Anthoxanthum</i> and Hierochloe. In general, Hierochloe has less floral reduction, a less elaborate karyotype, and a higher basic chromosome number than <i>Anthoxanthum</i> (Weimarck 1971). The two genera appear distinct in North America but, when considered on a global level, Schouten and Veldkamp (1985) stated that the two genera overlap, with the placement of many species being arbitrary. <i>Phalaris</i> resembles <i>Anthoxanthum</i> sensu lato in its spikelet structure, differing only in the greater reduction of the lower florets. It also differs in lacking coumarin.</p><!--
--><p>Anatomical studies (Pizzolato 1984) supported the close relationship of <i>Anthoxanthum</i> and <i>Phalaris</i>. Pizzolato also stated that although the bisexual florets of Hierochloe are described as terminal, a microscopic fourth floret is developed distal to the third (bisexual) floret.</p><!--
--><p>Wherever they grow, the species that used to be treated as Hierochloe have been used by native peoples. Native Americans used them for incense, baskets, and decorations. In addition, they steeped them in water for a hair-, skin-, and eyewash, or for use as a cold medicine, analgesic, or insecticide. Early Europeans spread the species in churches at festivals. They can also be used to make ale (Stika 2003).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=aiken1995a
|text=Aiken, S.G., L.L. Consaul, and M.J. Dallwitz. 1995 on. Grasses of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, illustrations, identification and information retrieval, http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/poa/index.htm
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=belk1939a
|text=Belk, E. 1939. Studies in the anatomy and morphology of the spikelet and flower of the Gramineae. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 183 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hedberg1990a
|text=Hedberg, I. 1990. Morphological, cytotaxonomic and evolutionary studies in Anthoxanthum odoratum L. s. lat.-A critical review. Sommerfeltia 11:97-107
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hitchcock1951a
|text=Hitchcock, A.S. 1951. Manual of the Grasses of the United States, ed. 2, rev. A. Chase. U.S.D.A. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1051 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=norstog1960a
|text=Norstog, K.J. 1960. Some observations on the spikelet of Hierochloe odorata. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 87:95-98
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=pizzolato1984a
|text=Pizzolato, T.D. 1984. Vascular system of the fertile floret of Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Bot. Gaz. 145:358-371
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=schouten1985a
|text=Schouten, Y. and J.F. Veldkamp. 1985. A revision of Anthoxanthum including Hierochloe (Gramineae) in Malaysia and Thailand. Blumea 30:319-351
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=stika2003a
|text=Stika, J. 2003. Sweetgrass ale. http://byo.com/feature/1067.html
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=weimarck1971a
|text=Weimarck, G. 1971. Variation and taxonomy of Hierochloe' (Gramineae) in the Northern Hemisphere. Bot. Not. 124:129-175
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=weimarck1987a
|text=Weimarck, G. 1987. Hierochloe hirta subsp. praetermissa, subsp. nova (Gramineae), an Asiatic-E. European taxon extending to N and C Europe in the Northern Hemisphere. Symb. Bot. Upal. 2:175-181.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Glumes unequal, the lower glumes shorter than the upper glumes; lowest 2 florets sterile.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants annual; ligules 1-3 mm long; blades 1-5 mm wide; panicles 1-4 cm long
|[[Anthoxanthum aristatum|Anthoxanthum aristatum]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants perennial; ligules 2-7 mm long; blades 3-10 mm wide; panicles 3-14 cm long
|[[Anthoxanthum odoratum|Anthoxanthum odoratum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Glumes subequal; lowest 2 florets staminate.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Staminate lemmas awned, the awns of the upper staminate florets 4.5-10.5 mm long; plants densely to loosely tufted, with rhizomes rarely more than 2 cm long
|[[Anthoxanthum monticola|Anthoxanthum monticola]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Staminate lemmas unawned or with an awn no more than 1 mm long; plants long-rhizomatous.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Panicles spikelike, 0.3-0.5 cm wide, with 1-2 spikelets per branch; rhizomes 0.3-1 mm thick; plants of the high arctic
|[[Anthoxanthum arcticum|Anthoxanthum arcticum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Panicles not spikelike, 1-10 cm wide, the longer branches usually with 3+ spikelets; rhizomes 0.7-3 mm thick; plants non-arctic or arctic.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Lower staminate lemmas in each spikelet narrowly elliptic, lengths more than 5 times widths; glumes equaling or slightly exceeded by the apices of the bisexual florets; blades 3-15 mm wide
|[[Anthoxanthum occidentale|Anthoxanthum occidentale]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Lower staminate lemmas in each spikelet elliptic, lengths usually no more than 4 times widths; glumes exceeding the bisexual florets; blades 2-8 mm wide.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Hairs on the distal portion of the bisexual florets mostly shorter than 0.5 mm, longer hairs, if present, concentrated near the midvein
|[[Anthoxanthum nitens|Anthoxanthum nitens]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Hairs on the distal portion of the bisexual florets 0.5-1 mm long, evenly distributed around the apices
|[[Anthoxanthum hirtum|Anthoxanthum hirtum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Anthoxanthum
|author=Kelly W. Allred;Mary E. Barkworth;
|authority=L.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|illustrator=Linda Ann Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková
|illustration copyright=Utah State University
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;W.Va.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Yukon;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Alaska;Va.;Colo.;Iowa;Miss.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Okla.;Idaho;Md.;Ohio;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Oreg.;Mont.;Ky.
|reference=aiken1995a;belk1939a;hedberg1990a;hitchcock1951a;norstog1960a;pizzolato1984a;schouten1985a;stika2003a;weimarck1971a;weimarck1987a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V24/V24_1074.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Pooideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Poeae
|genus=Anthoxanthum
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Poeae]]