Carex sect. Griseae
in H. G. A. Engler, Pflanzenr. 20[IV,38]: 516. 1909.
Plants cespitose or not, short to long rhizomatous. Culms brown or purple at base. Leaves: basal sheaths not fibrous; sheath fronts membranous; blades M-shaped in cross section when young, adaxial side of blade with 2 lateral veins more prominent than midvein, widest blades not more than 6 mm, glabrous or sheaths hispidulous. Inflorescences racemose, with (1–)3–6 spikes; proximal nonbasal bracts leaflike, long sheathing; lateral spikes pistillate or rarely androgynous, sometimes 1–2 basal, pedunculate, prophyllate; terminal spike staminate. Proximal pistillate scales with apex rough-awned, awn to 8.3 mm. Perigynia ascending, yellow-brown to dark brown when mature, distinctly impressed veined, ovoid or obovoid to narrowly elliptic, rounded-trigonous or round in cross section, base tapering or rounded, apex rounded or somewhat tapering, abruptly contracted to beak or beakless, glabrous; beak straight or excurved, 0–1.3 mm, orifice entire. Stigmas 3. Achenes trigonous, smaller than bodies of perigynia; style deciduous.
Distribution
North America, Mexico.
Discussion
Species 21 (20 in the flora).
The monophyly of Carex sect. Griseae is supported by the presence of numerous veins (sclerenchyma traces) that are impressed in both fresh and dry perigynia (R. F. C. Naczi 1992, 1997). Carex sect. Careyanae also has veins impressed in the perigynia when fresh, supporting the view that it is a sister group to sect. Griseae. However, Carex sect. Careyanae has dry perigynia with raised veins and perigynia that are acutely angled, in contrast to the obtusely angled or nonangled perigynia in Carex sect. Griseae.
Mature, complete, and ample specimens are necessary for reliable identification of most of the species of Carex sect. Griseae. Specimens should include rhizomes, vegetative shoots, and shoots of the previous season (sometimes dead by the time of fruiting); these features are absent from many herbarium specimens. Depauperate specimens are often difficult or impossible to identify, particularly since many of the species overlap in the ranges of measurements for diagnostic characters. When determining the presence or absence of purple-red coloration of shoot bases and the height of such coloration, shoot bases should be examined in bright light with magnification.
Selected References
Lower Taxa
Key
| 1 | Culm bases brown. | > 2 |
| 1 | Culm bases purple-red. | > 10 |
| 2 | Leaf sheaths scabrous to hispidulous; perigynium beak (0.5–)0.6–1.3 mm. | > 3 |
| 2 | Leaf sheaths glabrous; perigynium beak 0–0.5(–0.7) mm. | > 4 |
| 3 | Leaf blades green, glabrous abaxially or sparsely hispidulous; perigynia (4.5–)4.6– 5.6(–6.2) × 1.9–2.2(–2.3) mm; longest terminal spikes 14–34(–42) mm. | Carex hitchcockiana |
| 3 | Leaf blades, especially of overwintered leaves, glaucescent, papillose abaxially; perigynia (3.7–)4–4.7(–5.1) × 1.5–1.7(–1.8) mm; longest terminal spikes (25–)30– 46 mm. | Carex brysonii |
| 4 | Leaf blades glaucous; pistillate scales awnless or awn not more than 1(–1.9) mm. | > 5 |
| 4 | Leaf blades deep or light green; pistillate scales usually with awns 1.2–3.7(–6) mm, rarely awnless. | > 7 |
| 5 | Perigynia (4–)4.2–5.5(–6) mm; achene bodies 0.37–0.5 times as long as perigynia; pistillate spikes (5–)5.7–8(–9.6) mm wide; achene beak straight to bent less than 30° from vertical. | Carex flaccosperma |
| 5 | Perigynia 3.2–4.5(–4.7) mm; achene bodies 0.5–0.63(–0.67) times as long as perigynia; pistillate spikes (3.3–)4.2–6.1(–7.3) mm wide; achene beak usually bent 30–90° from vertical. | > 6 |
| 6 | Perigynia 3.2–4(–4.1) mm, (1.5–)1.8–2.3(–2.5) times as long as wide; longest pistillate spikes with (14–)19–45(–65) perigynia, ratio of spike length (in mm) to flower number = (0.56–)0.67–1.1(–1.3). | Carex glaucodea |
| 6 | Perigynia (3.7–)3.9–4.5(–4.7) mm, (1.9–)2.1–2.6(–2.8) times as long as wide; longest pistillate spikes with 11–25(–28) perigynia, ratio of spike length (in mm) to flower number = (0.97–)1–1.3(–1.6). | Carex pigra |
| 7 | Peduncles of lateral spikes scaberulous; perigynia (6–)18–37(–86) per spike, (2.5–)2.8–3.6(–4.3) mm, 17–25-veined. | Carex conoidea |
| 7 | Peduncles of lateral spikes glabrous or scaberulous; perigynia (3–)5–16(–19) per spike, (3.6–)4–5(–5.5) mm, 40–65-veined. | > 8 |
| 8 | Widest leaf blades 2.6–4 mm wide; ligules of proximal bracts 0.4–1.8 (–3.6) mm; perigynium apex bent; achene beaks bent. | Carex impressinervia |
| 8 | Widest leaf blades (3.7–)4.2–8.2(–9.1) mm wide; ligules of proximal bracts (1.8–)4–10.7(–12.9) mm; perigynium apex straight; achene beaks straight. | > 9 |
| 9 | Perigynia orbicular to suborbicular in cross section, 1.8–2.3(–2.6) times as long as wide, (1.8–)2–2.6 mm wide; achenes 1.7–2.1(–2.2) mm wide, stipes (0.2–)0.3–0.4(–0.5) mm. | Carex grisea |
| 9 | Perigynia obtusely triangular in cross section, (2.2–)2.5–3.1 times as long as wide, 1.5–1.9(–2.2) mm wide; achenes (1.3–)1.5–1.7(–1.8) mm wide, stipes (0.3–)0.4–0.6 mm. | Carex amphibola |
| 10 | Plants not cespitose; rhizome internodes 2–3.4 mm thick; terminal spikes (2.8–)3.3– 4.5(–5.4) mm wide, usually much exceeding distal bract. | Carex ouachitana |
| 10 | Plants cespitose; rhizome internodes 1.2–2.2 mm thick; terminal spikes (0.9–)1.3–2.9(–3.1) mm wide, usually much exceeded by distal bract. | > 11 |
| 11 | Perigynia spirally imbricate; proximal bracts with sheaths loose; ligules (0.9–)2–12.9 mm. | > 12 |
| 11 | Perigynia distichously imbricate; proximal bracts with sheaths tight; ligules 4–4.9(–9.6) mm (to 2.2 mm in C. bulbostylis). | > 15 |
| 12 | Culm bases with purple-red to (3.4–)4–7.3 cm high; widest leaf blades 2.4–4 (–5.3) mm wide; achene stipes 0.6–0.8(–0.9) mm. | Carex godfreyi |
| 12 | Culm bases with purple-red to 0.3–2.4(–7.3) cm high; widest leaf blades 3.3–8(–9.1) mm wide; achene stipes (0.2–)0.3–0.6 mm. | > 13 |
| 13 | Perigynia (1.8–)2–2.6 mm wide, orbicular to suborbicular in cross section; achene bodies (2.6–)3.1–3.5(–3.7) mm, stipes (0.2–)0.3–0.4(–0.5) mm, bodies 4.8–9.7(–12) times as long as stipes. | Carex grisea |
| 13 | Perigynia 1.5–2.3(–2.4) mm wide, obtusely triangular in cross section; achene bodies 1.8–2.3(–2.4) mm, stipes (0.3–)0.4–0.6 mm, bodies 3.2–5.8(–7.3) times as long as stipes. | > 14 |
| 14 | Perigynia 4.2–5(–5.2) ´ 1.5–1.9(–2.2) mm, (2.2–)2.5–3.1 times as long as wide; achene bodies broadly obovoid to oblong-obovoid, widest at 0.55–0.67(–0.7) of body length. | Carex amphibola |
| 14 | Perigynia (3.6–)3.9–4.5(–4.7) × (1.7–)1.8–2.3(–2.4) mm, 1.8–2.3(–2.5) times as long as wide; achene bodies broadly obdeltoid-obovoid, widest at (0.6–)0.65–0.8 of body length. | Carex corrugata |
| 15 | Perigynia much inflated, orbicular or suborbicular in cross section, (1.8–)2– 2.5(–2.8) mm wide, 1.6–2(–2.1) times as long as wide. | Carex bulbostylis |
| 15 | Perigynia tightly enveloping achene or slightly inflated, obtusely triangular in cross section, 1.4–2.1(–2.3) mm wide, (1.7–)2.1–3.3 times as long as wide. | > 16 |
| 16 | Plants loosely cespitose; longer rhizomes internodes 7–58 mm. | Carex paeninsulae |
| 16 | Plants densely cespitose; longer rhizomes internodes 0.2–6(–8) mm. | > 17 |
| 17 | Proximal bracts with bases of blades white between veins (most easily seen on abaxial surface). | Carex acidicola |
| 17 | Proximal bracts with bases of blades uniformly green. | > 18 |
| 18 | Perigynia (1.7–)2.1–2.6 times as long as wide, apex usually abruptly contracted; beak (0.3–)0.5–1.2 mm; longest lateral spike with 2–8(–10) perigyina (including undeveloped or aborted ones). | > 19 |
| 18 | Perigynia (2.4–)2.5–3.3 times as long as wide, apex gradually tapering; beakless or beak 0.1–0.4 mm; longest lateral spike with (5–)7–14 perigynia (including undeveloped or aborted ones). | > 21 |
| 19 | Proximalmost spike usually considerably beyond base of culm; longest vegetative shoot 0.88–1.4 times as long as longest culm; proximal bracts with sheath front convex and elongated (0.8–)1.1–4 mm beyond apex. | Carex oligocarpa |
| 19 | Proximalmost spike usually basal; longest vegetative shoot (0.8–)1.4–4.4 times as tall as culms; proximal bracts with sheath front apices concave or truncate. | > 20 |
| 20 | Culm bases with purple-red extending 2.7–5.2(–5.6) cm; bodies of pistillate scales (2.2–)2.5–3 mm; achene beaks (0.1–)0.2–0.3 mm. | Carex calcifugens |
| 20 | Culm bases with purple-red extending (3.7–)4.7–11.7 cm; bodies of pistillate scales 1.5–2.1(–2.5) mm; achene beaks 0.05–0.1(–0.15) mm. | Carex edwardsiana |
| 21 | Perigynia (1.9–)2–2.3 times as long as achene bodies; achene beaks (0.3–)0.4–0.7 mm. | Carex planispicata |
| 21 | Perigynia 1.7–2 times as long as achene bodies; achene beaks 0.1–0.3(–0.4) mm. | > 22 |
| 22 | Longest (per plant) peduncle of terminal spike (2.2–)5.1–8.9(–10.4) cm; 2 distalmost lateral spikes usually widely separate or occassionally overlapping; longest vegetative shoot 0.5–1.3 times as tall as culm. | Carex thornei |
| 22 | Longest (per plant) peduncle of terminal spike 0.9–3.2(–6.8) cm; 2 distalmost lateral spikes usually overlapping; longest vegetative shoot 1.4–2.2 times as tall as longest culm. | Carex paeninsulae |