Shrubs, trees, or scandent woody climbers, perennial, usually pubescent (roots unknown, probably woody). Stems erect, arched, or drooping, unarmed or armed with very sharp, often paired, axillary spines, without glutinous bands on internodes. Leaves petiolate, equal or of unequal size in each pair; blade thin or thick and fleshy, base symmetric or nearly so. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, pedunculate, diffuse or congested, compound corymbiform or cymose; bracts persistent, 2–3 beneath each flower. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious), chasmogamous; perianth radially symmetric, limb 5-dentate; perianth of staminate flower broadly or narrowly campanulate or urceolate, narrow tube abruptly expanding to limb, limb often reflexed at maturity; perianth of pistillate flower tubular, not constricted beyond ovary, but ultimately closing over it, upper part persisting as 5 small lobes at tip of fruit; stamens 2–many, exserted; styles short exserted; stigmas penicillate. Fruit oblong to clavate, with 5 rounded or angulate ribs, coriaceous, pubescent or glabrate, ribs bearing 1 or more rows of stalked, sticky glands.

Distribution

Pantropical.

Discussion

Species 10–50 (3 in the flora).

In the herbarium, the fruits of Pisonia remain sticky for decades. They readily adhere to animals and probably are dispersed primarily by birds. Birds and reptiles have been disabled or killed by becoming entangled in masses of vicid fruits.

All members of Pisonia in the flora appear at the northernmost extremes of their ranges. Pisonia aculeata of Florida and Texas is known only as a subscandent shrub or clambering woody vine, in equatorial climes it may be a tree reaching to 10 m. The genus has not been treated taxonomically in its entirety in the past century.

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

Pisonia aculeata, Pisonia capitata, Pisonia rotundata

Key

1	Branches unarmed; staminate perianth urceolate; stipitate glands appearing only along distal 1/3-1/2 of fruits	Pisonia rotundata
1	Branches usually armed with axillary spines; staminate perianth broadly campanulate; stipitate glands appearing along entire length of fruits	> 2
2	Perianth of staminate flower dark red; Arizona	Pisonia capitata
2	Perianth of staminate flower yellowish green; Texas, Florida	Pisonia aculeata