Camassia quamash

Bulbs seldom clustered, globose, 1–5 cm diam. Leaves usually fewer than 10, 1–6 dm × 4–20 mm. Inflorescences 20–80 cm; sterile bracts absent, bracts subtending flowers usually equaling or exceeding pedicel. Flowers usually zygomorphic, sometimes actinomorphic; tepals withering separately or connivent over capsules after anthesis, long-persistent on fruiting racemes, blue or bluish violet, each 3–9-veined, 12–35 × 1.5–8 mm; anthers usually yellow, sometimes bluish violet, violet, or brown, 2.5–7 mm; fruiting pedicel mostly incurving-erect, occasionally spreading-erect, 5–70 mm. Capsules not deciduous, pale green to pale brown, ovoid, 6–19 mm. Seeds 5–10 per locule. 2n = 30.

Distribution

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w United States and Canada.

Discussion

camassia quamash is highly variable morphologically. although there tend to be distinct geographical variants. here recognized as subspecies following f. w. gould (1942), there is much overlap among them. the subspecific status of these taxa is retained to highlight the extreme morphological variability and geographical patterns within the species. a detailed biosystematic study of this complex is needed

Subspecies 8 (8 in the flora).

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

Camassia quamash subsp. azurea, Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora, Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia, Camassia quamash subsp. linearis, Camassia quamash subsp. maxima, Camassia quamash subsp. quamash, Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis, Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei

Key

1	Tepals connivent over capsules after anthesis, usually forced apart again by capsule growth.	> 2
1	Tepals withering separately after anthesis, with no tendency to be connivent over capsules.	> 4
2	Leaves 6–15 mm wide, not glaucous; tepals 5-, 7-, or 9-veined, or occasionally 3-veined in outer whorls; n California coast ranges.	Camassia quamash subsp. linearis
2	Leaves 10–20 mm wide, glaucous adaxially; tepals usually 3-veined, or 5-veined, in inner whorls; w and nw United States.	> 3
3	Tepals bright blue to deep bluish violet, 15–20 mm; anthers bright yellow; ec California, n to Washington.	Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora
3	Tepals pale to deep bluish violet, 16–31 mm; anthers dull yellow to violet; s Idaho, n Utah.	Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis
4	Fruiting pedicels with capsules held away from raceme axes.	> 5
4	Fruiting pedicels with capsules usually closely appressed to raceme axes (except subsp. maxima).	> 6
5	Tepals light bluish violet; (bulbs 20–35 × 15–25 mm, shallowly buried in) light, well-drained prairie soils; sw Washington.	Camassia quamash subsp. azurea
5	Tepals bright to deep bluish violet; (bulbs 15–65 × 14–50 mm, deeply buried in) wet meadows, fields, and rocky coastal bluffs, sw British Columbia to nw Oregon.	Camassia quamash subsp. maxima
6	Pedicels usually 5–10 mm; flowers actinomorphic; tepals 12–20 mm; sw Oregon.	Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei
6	Pedicels 10–70 mm; flowers slightly zygomorphic or actinomorphic; tepals 15–35 mm; sw Canada, w Oregon and Washington e to Rocky Mountains.	> 7
7	Leaves not glaucous; anthers bright yellow; Oregon only.	Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia
7	Leaves glaucous adaxially; anthers dull yellow, bluish violet, violet, or brown; extreme sw Canada, nw United States.	> 8
8	Anthers never yellow, bluish violet to brown only.	Camassia quamash subsp. quamash
8	Anthers dull yellow, violet, or brown.	Camassia quamash subsp. maxima