View source for Theaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Theaceae
|accepted_authority=Mirbel
|publications=
|common_names=Tea Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Theaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Theaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 8
|mention_page=page 323
|treatment_page=page 322
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--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Shrubs </b>or trees, glabrous or hairy. <b>Leaves</b> persistent or deciduous, alternate [spiral or distichous], simple; stipules absent; petiole present; blade coriaceous or chartaceous, margins toothed [entire], teeth deciduously gland-tipped. <b>Inflorescences</b> axillary, flowers solitary [2–3], bracteate. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual; perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals [4–]5[–14], distinct or connate proximally, concave, relatively thick; petals 5(–8)[–14], distinct or connate proximally; nectary disc absent; stamens (50–)75–125(–150), in 1–5 bundles or not bundled, connate proximally or distinct, usually adnate to petals or corolla; anthers versatile [basifixed], 4-locular, dehiscent by longitudinal slits; pistils 1, [3–](4–)5(–6)[–10]-carpellate; ovary superior, [3–]5[–10]-locular; placentation primarily (falsely; H. <b>Keng</b> 1952) axile; ovules anatropous (campylotropous), bitegmic, tenuinucellate; styles 1 or 5[–6], simple [branched]; stigmas 1–5[–7], usually lobed. <b>Fruits</b> capsular, woody, dehiscence loculicidal and septicidal, [rarely irregular or fruits drupaceous]. <b>Seeds</b> 2–20, reddish brown to dark brown, compressed or lenticular [angular], sometimes winged, (testa vascularized, ± lignified); embryo straight, rarely curved; endosperm nuclear, usually slight.</span><!--

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|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia.
|discussion=<p>Genera 9, species ca. 450 (3 genera, 4 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Theaceae are found throughout warm-temperate, subtropical, and tropical forests; they are most diverse in the Old World in numbers of genera and species. Each genus is restricted to a single major geographic area (e.g., Asia versus New World tropics) except for <i>Stewartia</i>, with two species found in eastern North America and all other species restricted to Asia.</p><!--
--><p>Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that Theaceae should be defined to include only subfamily Theoideae of A. Cronquist (1981). These analyses place Theaceae in Ericales of the Asterid I clade (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998, 2003); identification of the closest relative remains elusive despite the accumulation of many data sets (A. A. Anderberg et al. 2002). The other closely related members of Cronquist’s Theaceae, Ternstroemioideae (Ternstroemiaceae of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998 and Anderberg et al.; now Pentaphylacaceae of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003 and J. Schönenberger et al. 2005), do not occur in the flora area. Morphological (H. K. Airy Shaw 1936), developmental (Tsou C. H. 1998), and molecular data (L. M. Prince and C. R. Parks 2001) identify three tribes within Theaceae in the narrow sense. Relationships among the tribes remain unclear, and significant disagreement continues over the circumscription of genera and species (see Prince 2007). Taxonomy here follows Prince and Parks.</p><!--
--><p>There is a rich fossil record for Theaceae, beginning from late Cretaceous through Tertiary. Much of the fossil record was reviewed by P. J. Grote and D. L. Dilcher (1989). Some fossils attributed to Theaceae cannot be positively placed in the family due to poor preservation; care should be taken when considering the literature.</p><!--
--><p>Enough fossil specimens are available to state confidently that Theaceae in the narrow sense were distributed throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Preserved organs include fruits, seeds, leaves (compressions), pollen, wood, and (perhaps) some flowers (amber). The number and distribution of known fossils indicate Theaceae were a conspicuous component of the forests of North America, Europe, and Asia in the past.</p><!--
--><p>Theaceae are economically important, including beverage plants (tea: primarily Camellia sinensis (Linnaeus) Kuntze), cooking oil (C. oleifera), ornamentals (Camellia spp., <i>Franklinia alatamaha</i>, <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i>, Polyspora spp., Schima spp., <i>Stewartia</i> spp.), timber (Polyspora spp., Schima spp.), and potential medicinals (Camellia spp.).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=airy1936a
|text=Airy Shaw, H. K. 1936. Notes on the genus Schima and on the classification of the Theaceae–Camellioideae. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1936: 496–500.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=keng1952a
|text=Keng, H. 1952. Comparative morphological studies in Theaceae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 33: 269–384.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kobuski1951a
|text=Kobuski, C. E. 1951. Studies in the Theaceae, XXI. The species of Theaceae indigenous to the United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 32: 123–138.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=prince2001a
|text=Prince, L. M. and C. R. Parks. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of Theaceae inferred from chloroplast DNA data. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 2309–2320.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=prince2007a
|text=Prince, L. M. 2007. A brief nomenclatural review of genera and tribes in Theaceae. Aliso 24: 105–121.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=stevens2004a
|text=Stevens, P. F. et al. 2004b. Theaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 9+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 6, pp. 463–471.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tsou1997a
|text=Tsou, C. H. 1997. Embryology of the Theaceae—Anther and ovule development of Camellia, Franklinia, and Schima. Amer. J. Bot. 84: 369–381.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tsou1998a
|text=Tsou, C. H. 1998. Early floral development of Camellioideae (Theaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85: 1531–1547.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wood1959b
|text=Wood, C. E. Jr. 1959b. The genera of Theaceae of the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 40: 413–419.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescence bracts usually persistent; capsules conic, columella absent.
|[[Stewartia|Stewartia]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescence bracts deciduous; capsules ovoid or subglobose, columella present
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Pedicels (3-)5-7 cm; sepals persistent; capsule dehiscence loculicidal from apex only; seeds ovoid, apical wing prominent.
|[[Gordonia|Gordonia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Pedicels 0.2-1.5(-4) cm; sepals deciduous; capsule dehiscence loculicidal from apex and septicidal from base; seeds reniform, apical wing relatively narrow or absent.
|[[Franklinia|Franklinia]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Theaceae
|author=Linda M. Prince
|authority=Mirbel
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Theaceae
|illustrator=Barbara Alongi
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia.
|reference=airy1936a;keng1952a;kobuski1951a;prince2001a;prince2007a;stevens2004a;tsou1997a;tsou1998a;wood1959b
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V8/V8_644.xml
}}<!--

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