View source for Mimulus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Mimulus
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 634. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Monkeyflower
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Phrymaceae;Mimulus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Phrymaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Mimulus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin mimulus, diminutive of mimus, comic or mimic actor, alluding to monkey-faced corolla of some species
|volume=Volume 17
|mention_page=page 5, 6, 363, 367, 371, 372, 373, 427
|treatment_page=page 366
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, terrestrial or semi-aquatic. <b>Stems</b> ascending to erect, 4-angled, winged, sometimes narrowly, glabrous. <b>Leaves</b> basal and cauline, opposite; petiole present or absent; blade sometimes semi-fleshy, margins dentate to subentire, venation brochidodromous. <b>Inflorescences</b> axillary, flowers solitary at medial to distal nodes; bracts absent. <b>Pedicels</b> present, shorter or longer than calyces; bracteoles absent. <b>Flowers</b> mostly erect, not strongly reflexed and appressed in fruit; sepals 5, calyx bilaterally symmetric, tubular, tube midveins wing-angled, lobes deltate to triangular; petals deciduous, 5, corolla blue to violet, purplish, or light pink, rarely white [yellow in M. bracteosus], bilaterally symmetric, strongly bilabiate, dorsoventrally compressed, abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2; stamens 4, adnate to middle of corolla, didynamous, filaments glabrous; ovary 2-locular, placentation axile; stigma bilamellate. <b>Fruits</b> capsules, apex rounded to truncate, wall smooth, eglandular, dehiscence loculicidal. <b>Seeds</b> 500–1000, brown, narrowly ellipsoid, flattened, wings absent. <b>x</b> = 8, 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;s;se Asia (se China;India;Indochina);s Africa;Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar);Australia;introduced in w Europe.
|discussion=<p>Species 8 (2 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>A strictly defined <i>Mimulus</i> is sister to the radiation of Phrymaceae that has occurred primarily in Australia (P. M. Beardsley and R. G. Olmstead 2002; Beardsley et al. 2004; Beardsley and W. R. Barker 2005; Barker et al. 2012). In addition to those in North America, six <i>Mimulus</i> species are natives of the Eastern and Southern hemispheres; these include M. aquatilis A. R. Bean (northeastern Australia), M. bracteosus P. C. Tsoong (southeastern China), <i>M. gracilis</i> R. Brown (Australia), M. madagascariensis Bentham (Madagascar), M. orbicularis Wallich ex Bentham (mainland Southeast Asia), and M. strictus Bentham (Africa, India). Only <i>M. gracilis</i> and <i>M. ringens</i> have been subject to molecular analysis, but morphological similarities among these species indicate that they are monophyletic (Barker et al.).</p><!--
--><p>The clade including strictly defined <i>Mimulus</i> is sister to the essentially western American monkeyflower species, which are treated here within separate genera. These can be divided into two groups: those with axile placentation and with long pedicels (<i>Erythranthe</i>) versus those with parietal placentation and short pedicels (<i>Diplacus</i> and <i>Mimetanthe</i>). Molecular data confirm that <i>Erythranthe</i> and <i>Diplacus</i>/<i>Mimetanthe</i> are in separate lineages and are not the closest relative of each other. Closest to <i>Diplacus</i> and <i>Mimetanthe</i> is the Mexican-Central American Hemichaena Bentham, also with parietal placentation. Closest to <i>Erythranthe</i> is the monospecific Leucocarpus D. Don of Central America to northern South America, which has axile placentation.</p><!--
--><p><i>Mimulus alatus</i> and <i>M. ringens</i> maintain strongly distinct morphologies over a broad region of sympatry, but the two have been reported to hybridize naturally along the Patapsco River in Maryland (D. R. Windler et al. 1976). In a mixed population, about 40 percent of the individuals apparently were F1 hybrids; consistently high pollen stainability of the parental plants suggests that backcrossing was not occurring. The two species differ in chromosome number (<i>M. alatus</i>, 2n = 22; <i>M. ringens</i>, 2n = 16, 24), but chromosome numbers were not determined in this study.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=beardsley2004a
|text=Beardsley, P. M. et al. 2004. Patterns of evolution in western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 91: 474–489.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=grant1924a
|text=Grant, A. L. 1924. A monograph of the genus Mimulus. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 11: 99–388.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves sessile; blade bases auriculate-clasping or subclasping; stems not or narrowly winged; fruiting pedicels 10–17 mm or 20–45(–60) mm, longer than calyces.
|[[Mimulus ringens|Mimulus ringens]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves petiolate; blade bases rounded to cuneate; stems narrowly winged; fruiting pedicels 5–14(–30) mm, shorter than calyces.
|[[Mimulus alatus|Mimulus alatus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Mimulus
|author=Guy L. Nesom
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Phrymaceae
|distribution=North America;s;se Asia (se China;India;Indochina);s Africa;Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar);Australia;introduced in w Europe.
|reference=beardsley2004a;grant1924a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V17/V17_1262.xml
|genus=Mimulus
}}<!--

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