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You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Malvaceae |accepted_authority=Jussieu |publications= |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Malvaceae |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Malvaceae]]</div></div> |volume=Volume 6 |mention_page=page 188, 189, 194, 197 |treatment_page=page 187 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> subshrubs, shrubs, or trees, usually stellate-hairy. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, usually spiral, sometimes distichous (Malvoideae), usually petiolate, sometimes subsessile or sessile (Malvoideae), stipulate (usually well developed), simple (compound in <i>Abelmoschus</i>); blade unlobed or palmately lobed, palmately veined. <b>Inflorescences</b> axillary, terminal, or leaf-opposed. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual or unisexual, usually actinomorphic; involucel (epicalyx) sometimes deciduous (Malvoideae, Sterculioideae), (4–)5(–8), distinct or connate; petals 4 or 5 (absent in Bombacoideae and Sterculioideae, rarely absent in Grewioideae); nectaries glandular hairs on adaxial base of sepals, petals, or androgynophores, sometimes absent; androgynophore present or absent; stamens [4–]5–100[–1500], usually in antipetalous groups; usually same number as sepals, distinct or connate, sessile or on androgynophore; ovules (1–)2–many per ovary. <b>Fruits</b> usually capsules, sometimes follicles, schizocarps, berries, or nuts. <b>Seeds</b>: cotyledons usually folded, endosperm absent or sparse to copious.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=Nearly worldwide. |discussion=<p>Genera ca. 240, species ca. 4350 (52 genera, 250 species in the flora).</p><!-- --><p><i>Malvaceae</i> comprise taxa traditionally separated among four families: <i>Malvaceae</i>, Bombacaceae Kunth, Sterculiaceae Ventenat, and Tiliaceae Jussieu. Morphological characters distinguishing these previously recognized families are notoriously ambiguous and/or absent. Multiple tribes and genera (for example, <i>Fremontodendron</i>) have been transferred between families as taxonomic boundaries changed throughout history. Molecular phylogenies indicate that only one of the four previously recognized families (<i>Malvaceae</i> in the narrow sense) forms a monophyletic group (C. Bayer et al. 1999; W. S. Alverson et al. 1999) and the monophyly of an expanded familial circumscription, including all four previously accepted families, is well documented (W. S. Judd and S. R. Manchester 1997; Alverson et al. 1998; Bayer et al.). Based on morphological, molecular, and biogeographic data, <i>Malvaceae</i> now include nine subfamilies (Bayer et al.; Alverson et al. 1999), six of which are represented in the flora area; Malvoideae and Bombacoideae form a monophyletic group that is part of a larger clade that includes some</p><!-- --><p>traditional components of Tiliaceae and Sterculiaceae (now Tilioideae and Sterculioideae). A second clade contains Grewioideae and Byttneriodeae. Not included in the flora are members of subfamilies Brownlowioideae Burret, Dombeyoideae Beilschmied, and Helicteroideae Meisner.</p><!-- --><p><i>Malvaceae</i> range widely in inflorescence structure; all members share a basic repeating bicolor unit (a terminal flower and three bracts or an epicalyx; C. Bayer 1999). Floral nectaries in the family are composed of dense multicellular, glandular hairs on sepals, petals, or androgynophore (S. Vogel 2000). These nectaries provide nectar to a broad range of cells in wood; M. M. Chattaway 1933) are restricted to <i>Malvaceae</i> but are not present in every taxon.</p><!-- --><p>Representatives of <i>Malvaceae</i> are present on every continent except Antarctica; diversity increases in warmer regions. A majority of the genera in Malvoideae and Bombacoideae are native to the New World (P. A. Fryxell 1997); members of Byttnerioideae, Grewioideae, and Sterculioideae are more evenly distributed throughout the Tropics. Tilioideae are restricted to the Northern Hemisphere (C. Bayer and K. Kubitzki 2003).</p><!-- --><p><i>Malvaceae</i> have an extensive pollen fossil record and a majority of the subfamilies are represented in the Paleocene or Eocene. <i>Tilia</i> (Tilioideae) fossil pollen and leaves are present in western North American temperate forests (where it is now absent) from the mid Eocene (S. R. Manchester 1994; H. W. Meyer and Manchester 1997). North American fossil pollen deposits of Bombacoideae are plentiful in the Cretaceous (W. Krutzsch 1989; B. E. Pfeil et al. 2002 and references therein).</p><!-- --><p>The hairy seed coat of cotton [<i>Gossypium</i> (Malvoideae)] is the most economically valuable product in the family and the historical and evolutionary importance of its domestication is well documented. The seeds of cacao [Theobroma cacao (Sterculioideae)] are the basis of chocolate. Okra [<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> (Malvoideae)] is a major vegetable crop in the southeastern United States. <i>Tilia</i> (Tilioideae) trees are planted throughout temperate regions to beautify streets and parks. The marshmallow, <i>Althaea officinalis</i> (Malvoideae), is a perennial herb found in northeastern North America and Europe; the mucilage from its roots was used to make the original marshmallow.</p><!-- --><p>Key to Subfamilies of <i>Malvaceae</i></p> |tables= |references={{Treatment/Reference |id=bayer1999a |text=Bayer, C. et al. 1999. Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae with a recircumscribed order Malvales: A combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 129: 267–303. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=bayer2003a |text=Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki. 2003. Malvaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 10+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 5, pp. 225–311. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=brizicky1966a |text=Brizicky, G. K. 1966. The genera of Sterculiaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 47: 60–74. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=judd1997a |text=Judd, W. S. and S. R. Manchester. 1997. Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical characters. Brittonia 49: 348–405. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=whetstone1983a |text=Whetstone, R. D. 1983. The Sterculiaceae in the flora of the southeastern United States. Sida 10: 15–23. }} }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> <h3 class="treatment-key-header" id="key-0">Key to Subfamilies of Malvaceae</h3> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |- id="key-0-1" |1 |Gynoecium apocarpous; petals absent; epicalyx absent; androgynophore present; flowers functionally unisexual |[[Malvaceae subfam. Sterculioideae|Sterculioideae]] |- id="key-0-1" |1 |Gynoecium syncarpous; petals present or absent; epicalyx present or absent; androgynophore present or absent; flowers usually bisexual |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |- id="key-0-2" |2 |Petals absent |[[Malvaceae subfam. Bombacoideae|Bombacoideae]] |- id="key-0-2" |2 |Petals usually present |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |- id="key-0-3" |3 |Epicalyx usually absent |[[#key-0-4| > 4]] |- id="key-0-3" |3 |Epicalyx usually present, rarely absent |[[#key-0-5| > 5]] |- id="key-0-4" |4 |Androgynophore absent; nectaries on sepals |[[Malvaceae subfam. Tilioideae|Tilioideae]] |- id="key-0-4" |4 |Androgynophore present or absent; nectaries on petals or androgynophore |[[Malvaceae subfam. Grewioideae|Grewioideae]] |- id="key-0-5" |5 |Staminodes usually present; anthers 2- or 3-thecate |[[Malvaceae subfam. Byttnerioideae|Byttnerioideae]] |- id="key-0-5" |5 |Staminodes absent or relatively small; anthers 1-thecate |[[Malvaceae subfam. Malvoideae|Malvoideae]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Malvaceae |author=Margaret M. Hanes |authority=Jussieu |rank=family |parent rank= |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Malvaceae |illustrator=Linny Heagy |illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association |distribution=Nearly worldwide. |reference=bayer1999a;bayer2003a;brizicky1966a;judd1997a;whetstone1983a |publication title= |publication year= |special status= |source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V6/V6_337.xml }}<!-- --> [[Category:Treatment]] Templates used on this page: Malvaceae Illustrations (view source) Template:Malvaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Reference (view source) Return to Malvaceae.