View source for Linaria vulgaris

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Linaria vulgaris
|accepted_authority=Miller
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gard. Dict. ed.
|place=8, Linaria no. 1. 1768
|year=1768
}}
|common_names=Yellow or common toadflax;butter-and-eggs;linaire vulgaire
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=W
|label=Weedy
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=I
|label=Introduced
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Illustrated
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Antirrhinum linaria
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=species
}}
|hierarchy=Plantaginaceae;Linaria;Linaria vulgaris
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Plantaginaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Linaria]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Linaria vulgaris]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 17
|mention_page=page 26, 27, 29, 30, 31
|treatment_page=page 28
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Perennials,</b> reproducing vegetatively by adventitious buds from roots. <b>Fertile</b> stems erect or suberect, (25–)35–90(–120) cm; sterile stems to 18 cm, usually absent. <b>Leaves</b> of fertile stems: blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 4–68 × 1–7(–15) mm, apex acute. <b>Racemes</b> 11–31(–50)-flowered, usually dense, rachis glabrous or glandular-hairy, hairs 0.1–0.2 mm; bracts linear to lanceolate, 4–20(–25) × 1–2 mm. <b>Pedicels</b> erect, 3–7.7 mm in flower, 3.5–8(–13) mm in fruit. <b>Calyx</b> lobes lanceolate to ovate, 2.5–4.5 × 0.8–1.5 mm in flower, 2.5–5(–6) × 1–2(–2.5) mm in fruit, apex acute. <b>Corollas</b> white, pale yellow, or bright yellow, sometimes with orange palate, 27–32(–33) mm; tube 5.5–9(–10) mm wide, spurs straight or curved, 11–15 mm, slightly shorter or subequal to rest of corolla, abaxial lip sinus 3–3.5 mm, adaxial lip sinus (2.2–)2.4–4(–4.5) mm. <b>Styles</b> simple; stigma entire. <b>Capsules</b> oblong-globular or ovoid, 5–10(–11) × 3–6 mm, glabrous; loculi equal. <b>Seeds</b> gray, brown, or black, disciform, subglobular, with prominent encircling wing, 1.6–2.5(–3) × 1.5–2.3 mm, ± plane or biconvex; disc gray, brown, or black, ± reniform, tuberculate; wing ± entire, 0.4–0.7 mm wide, membranous, smooth. <b>2n</b> = 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering May–Oct.
|habitat=Disturbed places, roadsides, railroad rights-of-way, rocky slopes, cultivated or abandoned fields, usually in moist or dry soils.
|elevation=0–2300(–3100) m.
|distribution=Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.W.T.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ala.;Alaska;Ariz.;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;Europe;c Asia;introduced also in temperate regions of s South America (Argentina);Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia.
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p><i>Linaria vulgaris</i> was introduced into the northeastern United States (New England) before 1672 as an ornamental and medicinal plant (M. L. Fernald 1905b). In part from vigorous formation of adventitious shoots from the roots (T. S. Bakshi and R. T. Coupland 1960), <i>L. vulgaris</i> is now considered a noxious weed in nine states and four Canadian provinces (E. A. Lehnhoff 2008).</p><!--
--><p>Hybrids between <i>Linaria repens</i> and <i>L. vulgaris</i> are known as L. ×sepium G. J. Allman; this hybrid presents an intermediate morphology between <i>L. repens</i> and <i>L. vulgaris</i> with regard to corolla and spur size (16–21 mm and 6–9.5 mm, respectively). Specimens examined suggest that this hybrid is relatively common in Newfoundland.</p><!--
--><p>Hybrids between <i>Linaria dalmatica </i>subsp.<i> dalmatica</i> and <i>L. vulgaris</i> (L. ×hybrida Schur) are found in California (Lassen Creek, Modoc County), Colorado (Jefferson County), Idaho (Coeur d’Alene Lake, Kootenai County), and Montana (Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest) (S. M. Ward et al. 2009). In these localities, both potential parental species are sympatric or nearly sympatric. Ward et al. confirmed that hybridization occurs between populations of <i>L. dalmatica</i> and <i>L. vulgaris</i>, and that the hybrid progeny are viable and fertile.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=saner1995a
|text=Saner, M. A. et al. 1995. The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 75: 525–537.
}}
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Linaria vulgaris
|authority=Miller
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Antirrhinum linaria
|basionyms=
|family=Plantaginaceae
|phenology=Flowering May–Oct.
|habitat=Disturbed places, roadsides, railroad rights-of-way, rocky slopes, cultivated or abandoned fields, usually in moist or dry soils.
|elevation=0–2300(–3100) m.
|distribution=Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.W.T.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ala.;Alaska;Ariz.;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;Europe;c Asia;introduced also in temperate regions of s South America (Argentina);Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia.
|introduced=true
|reference=saner1995a
|publication title=Gard. Dict. ed.
|publication year=1768
|special status=Weedy;Introduced;Illustrated
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V17/V17_103.xml
|genus=Linaria
|species=Linaria vulgaris
}}<!--

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