View source for Centaurea solstitialis

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Centaurea solstitialis
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 917. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Yellow or Barnaby star-thistle;St. Barnaby’s thistle;centauré du solstice
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=I
|label=Introduced
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Illustrated
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Cardueae;Centaurea;Centaurea solstitialis
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Cardueae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Centaurea]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Centaurea solstitialis]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 19
|mention_page=page 183
|treatment_page=page 193
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Annuals,</b> 10–100 cm. <b>Stems</b> simple or often branched from base, forming rounded bushy plants, gray-tomentose. <b>Leaves</b> gray-tomentose and scabrous to short-bristly; basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapered to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades 5–15 cm, margins pinnately lobed or dissected; cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong, 1–10 cm, entire. <b>Heads</b> disciform, borne singly or in open leafy arrays, long-pedunculate. <b>Involucres</b> ovoid, 13–17 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous. <b>Principal</b> phyllaries: bodies pale green, ovate, appendages stramineous to brown, each with palmately radiating cluster of spines, and stout central spine 10–25 mm. <b>Inner</b> phyllaries: appendages scarious, obtuse or abruptly spine tipped. <b>Florets</b> many; corollas yellow, all ± equal, 13–20 mm; sterile florets slender, inconspicuous. <b>Cypselae</b> dimorphic, 2–3 mm, glabrous, outer dark brown, without pappi, inner white or light brown, mottled; pappi of many white, unequal bristles 2–4 mm, fine. <b>2n</b> = 16.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering mostly summer–autumn (Jun–Oct), sometimes year-round in frostfree coastal habitats.
|habitat=Roadsides, fields, pastures, woodlands
|elevation=0–2000 m
|distribution=Widely Alta.;Man.;Ont.;Sask.;Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;Fla.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;s Europe.
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p><i>Centaurea solstitialis</i> is a serious weed pest, especially in the western United States, where it has invaded millions of acres of rangelands, and it is listed as a noxious weed in eleven western states and two Canadian provinces. It is a strong competitor in infested areas, often forming dense colonies. It is very difficult to control or eradicate once it becomes established. In addition, yellow star-thistle is poisonous to horses; when ingested over a prolonged period it causes a neurological disorder called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia, or “chewing disease.” Although its bitter taste and spiny heads usually deter grazing animals, horses sometimes will seek it out. Yellow star-thistle tends to spread in rangelands when more palatable plants are consumed.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Centaurea solstitialis
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|phenology=Flowering mostly summer–autumn (Jun–Oct), sometimes year-round in frostfree coastal habitats.
|habitat=Roadsides, fields, pastures, woodlands
|elevation=0–2000 m
|distribution=Widely Alta.;Man.;Ont.;Sask.;Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;Fla.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;s Europe.
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=Introduced;Illustrated
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V19-20-21/V19_226.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Cardueae
|genus=Centaurea
|species=Centaurea solstitialis
}}<!--

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