View source for Phleum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Phleum
|accepted_authority=L.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Pooideae;Poaceae tribe Poeae;Phleum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Pooideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Poeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Phleum]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 670
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial; cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous, occasionally stoloniferous. <b>Culms</b> 2-150 cm, erect or decumbent; nodes glabrous. <b>Sheaths</b> open; auricles absent or inconspicuous; ligules membranous, not ciliate; blades usually flat. <b>Inflorescences</b> dense, spikelike panicles, more than 1 spikelet associated with each node; branches often shorter than 2 mm, always shorter than 7 mm, stiff; pedicels shorter than 1 mm, sometimes fused; disarticulation above the glumes or, late in the season, beneath the glumes. <b>Spikelets</b> strongly laterally compressed, bases usually U-shaped, sometimes cuneate, with 1 floret; rachillas glabrous, sometimes prolonged beyond the base of the floret. <b>Glumes</b> equal, longer and firmer than the florets, stiff, bases not connate, strongly keeled, keels usually strongly ciliate, sometimes glabrous, sometimes scabrous, 3-veined, apices truncate to tapered, midveins often extending into short, stiff, awnlike apices; calluses blunt, glabrous; lemmas white, often translucent, not keeled, 5-7-veined, unawned, bases not connate, apices acute, entire, sometimes with a weak, subapical awn; paleas subequal to the lemmas, 2-veined; lodicules 2, free, glabrous, toothed; anthers 3; ovaries glabrous. <b>Caryopses</b> elongate-ovoid; embryos 1/6 – 1/4 the length of the caryopses. <b>x</b> = 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Calif.;Idaho;Mont.;Va.;Colo.;Alaska;Ala.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Nev.;Miss.;Ky.;Oreg.
|discussion=<p><i>Phleum</i> is a genus of approximately 15 species, most of which are native to Eurasia. One species, <i>P. alpinum</i>, is native to the Flora region and six are introduced. One of the introduced species, <i>P. pratense</i>, has been established in the region for a long time. It is also widely cultivated as a fodder grass, both in the Flora region and in other parts of the world. <i>Phleum phleoides</i> was first recognized as being present in the Flora region in 1990. <i>Phleum</i> exaratum has been reported from the United States. No specimens supporting the report have been seen. It resembles <i>P. arenarium</i> (p. 675), but has anthers 1.5-2 mm long rather than 0.3-1.2 mm, and an inflorescence that is rounded at the base.</p><!--
--><p>Species of <i>Phleum</i> are sometimes mistaken for <i>Alopecurus</i>, but <i>Alopecurus</i> has obtuse to acute glumes that are unawned or taper into an awn, lemmas that are both awned and keeled, and paleas that are absent or greatly reduced. The species of <i>Phleum</i> that are most abundant in the Flora region are easily recognized by their strongly ciliate, abruptly truncate, awned glumes and adnate panicle branches. In addition, in <i>Phleum</i> the lemmas are not keeled, and the paleas are always subequal to the lemmas.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=humphries1978b
|text=Humphries, C.J. 1978. Notes on the genus Phleum. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76:337-340
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kula2006a
|text=Kula, A., B. Dudziak, E. Sliwinska, A. Grabowska-Joachimiak, A. Stewart, H. Golczyk, and A.J. Joachimiak. 2006. Cytomorphological studies on American and European Phleum commutation Gaud. (Poaceae). Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 48:99-108.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants perennial.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Panicles tapering distally; panicle branches free from the rachis; glumes scabrous to shortly ciliate on the keels; plants known, in the Flora region, only from British Columbia
|[[Phleum phleoides|Phleum phleoides]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Panicles not tapering distally; panicle branches adnate to the rachises; glumes conspicuously ciliate on the keels; plants widespread in the Flora region.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sheaths of the flag leaves not inflated; panicles 2-14(17) cm long, 5-20 times as long as wide; lower internodes of the culms frequently enlarged or bulbous; widespread in the Flora region
|[[Phleum pratense|Phleum pratense]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sheaths of the flag leaves inflated; panicles 1-6 cm long, usually 1.5-3 times as long as wide; lower internodes of the culms not enlarged or bulbous
|[[Phleum alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants annual.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Glume apices abruptly truncate
|[[Phleum paniculatum|Phleum paniculatum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Glume apices gradually narrowed to tapered.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Glumes semi-elliptical in outline, apices pointing towards each other; keels usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous
|[[Phleum subulatum|Phleum subulatum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Glumes oblong-lanceolate, apices parallel or divergent; keels ciliate
|[[Phleum arenarium|Phleum arenarium]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Phleum
|author=Mary E. Barkworth;
|authority=L.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Calif.;Idaho;Mont.;Va.;Colo.;Alaska;Ala.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Nev.;Miss.;Ky.;Oreg.
|reference=humphries1978b;kula2006a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V24/V24_945.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Pooideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Poeae
|genus=Phleum
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Poeae]]