View source for Phytolaccaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Phytolaccaceae
|accepted_authority=R. Brown
|publications=
|common_names=Pokeweed Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Phytolaccaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Phytolaccaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 4
|mention_page=page 4, 11, 12
|treatment_page=page 3
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> subshrubs, shrubs, trees, or vines, annual or perennial. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, opposite, or appearing whorled; stipules minute or absent; blade pinnately veined, margins entire, often undulate. <b>Inflorescences</b> axillary, terminal, or leaf-opposed spikes, racemes, panicles, or compound dichasia; bract 1; bracteoles 2. <b>Flowers</b> hypogynous (epigynous in <i>Agdestis</i>), radially symmetric; sepals usually persistent, 4–8, imbricate in bud, often unequal; petals absent; stamens 4–30[–100], sometimes borne in 1–2 whorls on hypogynous disk; gynoecium 1–12[–18]-carpellate, the carpels connate or distinct; ovaries superior (inferior in <i>Agdestis</i>), 1–12[–18]-locular; placentation basal; ovules 1 per locule; styles distinct (connate in <i>Agdestis</i>). <b>Fruits</b> achenes, berries, or cypselas. <b>Seeds</b>: perisperm present; embryo curved. <b>x</b> = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Temperate;subtropical;and tropical North America;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Australia.
|discussion=<p>Genera 18, species ca. 135 (6 genera, 11 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Delimitation of the Phytolaccaceae has long been a matter of debate. The circumscription of the family followed here, except for the inclusion of <i>Gisekia</i>, parallels that of J. W. Nowicke (1969). In narrower concepts, such as that of G. K. Brown and G. S. Varadarajan (1985), which rely heavily on chromosome and distribution data, six segregate families are recognized, those of concern for the flora being Phytolaccaceae sensu stricto (<i>Gisekia</i>, <i>Phytolacca</i>), Petiveriaceae (<i>Petiveria</i>, <i>Rivina</i>, <i>Trichostigma</i>), and Agdestidaceae (<i>Agdestis</i>).</p><!--
--><p>A. Cronquist (1981) wrote that “each of the several segregate families … appears to be a natural group, but collectively they all hang together with the rest of the Phytolaccaceae. I see no reason why they cannot be accommodated at the level of tribes or subfamilies.” For <i>Agdestis</i>, recent anatomical data support Cronquist’s assertion, favoring the retention of the genus as a monogeneric subfamily within Phytolaccaceae sensu lato (S. Carlquist 1999). Wood and stem data do not strongly support separation of <i>Petiveria</i> and <i>Rivina</i> from Phytolaccaceae (S. Carlquist 1998).</p><!--
--><p>The manifold folk medicinal uses of our genera (except <i>Agdestis</i> and <i>Gisekia</i>) are summarized in J. F. Morton (1981).</p><!--
--><p><i>Phaulothamnus</i>, included in Phytolaccaceae by some authors, is treated in the flora in Achatocarpaceae [see page 12].</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=behnke1974a
|text=Behnke, H.-D., C. Chang, I. J. Eifert, and T. J. Mabry. 1974. Betalains and P-type sieve-tube plastids in Petiveria and Agdestis (Phytolaccaceae). Taxon 23: 541–542.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=brown1985a
|text=Brown, G. K. and G. S. Varadarajan. 1985. Studies in Caryophyllales I: Re-evaluation of classification of Phytolaccaceae s.l. Syst. Bot. 10: 49–63.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=heimerl1934a
|text=Heimerl, A. 1934. Phytolaccaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien…, ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 16c, pp. 135–164.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=nowicke1968a
|text=Nowicke, J. W. 1968. Palynotaxonomic study of the Phytolaccaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 55: 294–364.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rogers1985a
|text=Rogers, G. K. 1985. The genera of Phytolaccaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 1–37.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=thieret1966b
|text=Thieret, J. W. 1966b. Seeds of some United States Phytolaccaceae and Aizoaceae. Sida 2: 352–360.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=walter1906a
|text=Walter, H. P. H. 1906. Die Diagramme der Phytolaccaceen. Leipzig. [Preprinted from Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37(suppl.): 1–57.]
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=walter1909a
|text=Walter, H. P. H. 1909. Phytolaccaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900–1953. Das Pflanzenreich…. 107 vols. Berlin. Vol. 39[IV,83], pp. 1–154.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wilson1932a
|text=Wilson, P. 1932. Petiveriaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora…. 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 21, pp. 257–266.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Carpels more than 1, distinct; fruits achenes
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Carpels 1, or if more than 1, united at least halfway by their ovaries; fruits achenes, berries, or cypselas
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Carpels and stamens 5; plants annual; leaves opposite or seemingly whorled; inflores- cences compound dichasia
|[[Gisekia|Gisekia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Carpels and stamens more than 5; plants perennial; leaves alternate; inflorescences ax- illary, terminal, or leaf-opposed racemes or spikes
|[[Phytolacca|Phytolacca]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences panicles; ovary inferior; fruits cypselas crowned by winglike sepals
|[[Agdestis|Agdestis]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences compound dichasia (appearing umbelliform), spikes, or racemes (proximalmost pedicels sometimes bearing more than 1 flower); ovary superior; fruits berries or, achenes, not crowned by winglike sepals
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Fruits elongate-cuneate achenes, apically 2-lobed, each lobe tipped with 1-3 sharply reflexed spines; inflorescences virgate spikelike racemes; ovary 1-carpellate
|[[Petiveria|Petiveria]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Fruits berries; inflorescences racemes (proximalmost pedicels sometimes bearing more than 1 flower in Phytolacca), not virgate; ovary 1- or more carpellate
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Carpels and styles 6-12; sepals 5(-8)
|[[Phytolacca|Phytolacca]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Carpel 1; style absent or 1; sepals 4
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Stamens 4; style present; stigma capitate; berries red to orange or yellow
|[[Rivina|Rivina]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Stamens 8-13; style absent; stigma penicillate; berries black
|[[Trichostigma|Trichostigma]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Phytolaccaceae
|author=Mark A. Nienaber;John W. Thieret
|authority=R. Brown
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Phytolaccaceae
|illustrator=Barbara Alongi
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Temperate;subtropical;and tropical North America;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Australia.
|reference=behnke1974a;brown1985a;heimerl1934a;nowicke1968a;rogers1985a;thieret1966b;walter1906a;walter1909a;wilson1932a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V4/V4_1.xml
}}<!--

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