View source for Orthotrichum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Orthotrichum
|accepted_authority=Hedwig
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Musc. Frond.,
|place=162. 1801
|year=1801
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Orthotrichaceae;Orthotrichum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Orthotrichaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Orthotrichum]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek, orthos, straight, and trichos, hair, alluding to straight, erect calyptral hairs in many species
|volume=Volume 28
|mention_page=page 38, 50, 57, 59, 73, 77, 651, 664, 667
|treatment_page=page 45
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>small, sometimes large, in tufts or loose cushions. <b>Stems</b> erect (creeping in <i>O. kellmanii</i>), branches erect to ascending. <b>Leaves</b> usually erect-appressed and straight when dry, spreading to wide-spreading when moist, ovate, oblong, lanceolate, ligulate, or linear-lanceolate, not rugose; margins entire or denticulate near apex; apex acute, acuminate, apiculate, or obtuse, awn absent (present in <i>O. diaphanum</i>); costa usually ending near apex; basal laminal cells elongate-linear or rectangular; distal cells usually rounded, almost isodiametric, 6–24 µm, papillose only over lumina, papillae 1–4 per cell, conic or 2-fid; marginal cells gradually shorter than basal. <b>Sexual</b> condition gonioautoicous or cladautoicous, rarely dioicous; perichaetial leaves similar to stem leaves or sometimes slightly differentiated. <b>Seta</b> to 6 mm. <b>Capsule</b> immersed, emergent, or exserted, globose to cylindric, smooth or 8- or 16-ribbed, sometimes constricted below mouth when dry; stomata superficial or immersed; peristome double, rarely single or absent; exostome teeth 0, 8, or 16, papillose or striate; endostome segments 0, 8, or 16. <b>Calyptra</b> mitrate, conic-oblong to short-conic, not split at base, smooth or papillose, ± hairy or naked, plicate (not or obscurely plicate in <i>O. gymnostomum</i> and <i>O. obtusifolium</i>), covering entire capsule. <b>Spores</b> isosporous.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Nearly worldwide;more common in temperate areas.
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 125 (47 in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=lewinsky1993a
|text=Lewinsky, J. 1993. Monographic studies on Orthotrichum (Musci). Bryobrothera 2: 1–59.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=vitt1973a
|text=Vitt, D. H. 1973. A revision of the genus Orthotrichum in North America, north of Mexico. Bryophyt. Biblioth. 1: 1–108.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf apices gradually acute, awns present.
|[[Orthotrichum diaphanum|Orthotrichum diaphanum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf apices obtuse, acute, acuminate, or cuspidate, awns absent
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf margins erect-incurved or involute; leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate; apices obtuse or rounded; gemmae present; sexual condition dioicous; calyptrae papillose, not or obscurely plicate, naked
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf margins plane, reflexed, recurved, revolute, or thick; leaves ± lanceolate, linear, ligulate, or oblong; apices obtuse, acute, acuminate, cuspidate, or mucronate; gemmae absent or present; sexual condition autoicous (dioicous in O. lyellii); calyptrae smooth or rarely papillose, plicate, hairy or naked
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf margins involute; distal laminal cell papillae 2 or 3 per cell; peristome absent; Newfoundland.
|[[Orthotrichum gymnostomum|Orthotrichum gymnostomum]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf margins erect-incurved; distal laminal cell papillae 1 per cell; peristome present; boreal and western regions.
|[[Orthotrichum obtusifolium|Orthotrichum obtusifolium]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaves crisped-flexuose when dry; capsules oblong-cylindric or elliptic-cylindric when old, exserted or 1/2 emergent; stomata immersed; Pacific Northwest, Alaska
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaves erect-appressed, erect, flexuose, or spreading when dry; capsules ovate, oblong, cylindric, or globose, immersed to exserted; stomata superficial or immersed; North America
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Plants 8-20 cm; distal laminal cells 7-11 µm; setae (1.5-)2.5-6 mm; capsules exserted to long-exserted, elliptic-cylindric when old; exostome teeth 8, external surface finely papillose, internal surface finely striate; stomata to mid capsule.
|[[Orthotrichum consimile|Orthotrichum consimile]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Plants to 1.6 cm; distal laminal cells 8-14 µm; setae (0.8-)1-3(-3.5) mm; capsules barely exserted or sometimes 1/2 emergent, oblong-cylindric; exostome teeth 16, rarely connate in 8 pairs, irregularly papillose-reticulate; stomata in mid and distal capsule.
|[[Orthotrichum pulchellum|Orthotrichum pulchellum]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves 3-4 mm; laminal gemmae present.
|[[Orthotrichum lyellii|Orthotrichum lyellii]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves usually less than 3 mm; laminal gemmae absent or sometimes present
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stomata superficial; basal laminal cells elongate, walls thick, ± nodose
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stomata immersed; basal laminal cells rectangular, walls thin, not or somewhat nodose
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Endostome segments occasionally rudimentary, usually absent; exostome teeth erect, sometimes reflexed when old and dry (recurved in O. shawii); prostome usually present
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Endostome segments well developed, usually present when capsule is old; exostome teeth usually recurved or reflexed; prostome absent
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Distal laminal cells 2-stratose; leaf margins plane; plants dark green to black.
|[[Orthotrichum bolanderi|Orthotrichum bolanderi]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Distal laminal cells 1-stratose; leaf margins revolute or recurved; plants light green to olive green
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Peristome rudimentary, appearing absent.
|[[Orthotrichum spjutii|Orthotrichum spjutii]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Peristome present, evident
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Exostome teeth smooth; distal laminal cells smooth; calyptrae naked; prostome large; on seasonally wet rock.
|[[Orthotrichum holzingeri|Orthotrichum holzingeri]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Exostome teeth papillose; distal laminal cells papillose; calyptrae usually hairy; prostome small or absent; on dry rock
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Capsules cylindric or rarely oblong, exserted or rarely sometimes emergent
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Capsules globose, ovate, ovate-oblong, short-oblong, or cylindric-ovate, immersed to emergent
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Exostome teeth erect; capsules smooth or slightly plicate distally; exothecial cells homogeneous; endostome usually absent in open capsules.
|[[Orthotrichum laevigatum|Orthotrichum laevigatum]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Exostome teeth reflexed-recurved; capsules slightly 8-ribbed distally; exothecial cells differentiated to mid capsule; endostome usually present in at least some capsules.
|[[Orthotrichum pylaisii|Orthotrichum pylaisii]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Exostome teeth erect or sometimes spreading-recurved when old; usually on rock, sometimes trees.
|[[Orthotrichum rupestre|Orthotrichum rupestre]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Exostome teeth recurved; on trees.
|[[Orthotrichum shawii|Orthotrichum shawii]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Exostome teeth reflexed, particularly when old (erect to recurved in O. fenestratum); endostome segments usually 8, narrow, usually of 1 row of cells
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Exostome teeth recurved or rarely reflexed; endostome segments 8 or 16, thick, of 2 rows of cells
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Capsules usually ovate to ovate-oblong, usually exserted; exostome teeth 16 or 8 splitting to 16
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Capsules usually oblong to cylindric, usually emergent to slightly exserted; exostome teeth 8
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Exostome fenestrate, cancellate; St. Paul's Island, Alaska.
|[[Orthotrichum fenestratum|Orthotrichum fenestratum]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Exostome not fenestrate or cancellate; Arctic south to California.
|[[Orthotrichum pylaisii|Orthotrichum pylaisii]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Capsules oblong, to 1/2 emergent; exostome teeth perforate only at apices, not cancellate; endostome segments usually absent when capsules are old and dry; leaf apices gradually acuminate- cuspidate; saxicolous; w United States.
|[[Orthotrichum praemorsum|Orthotrichum praemorsum]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Capsules long-cylindric to oblong, 1/2 emergent to exserted, rarely immersed; exostome teeth deeply perforate, cancellate; endostome segments usually present when capsules are old and dry; leaf apices acute; corticolous; n North America. Capsules long-cylindric to cylindric, longer than 1.5 mm, ribbed to 2/3 length, over 1/2 emergent; endostome papillose; w North America.
|[[Orthotrichum affine|Orthotrichum affine]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Capsules oblong to oblong-cylindric, to 1.5 mm, ribbed to 1/2 -2/3 length, usually 1/2-2/3 emergent; endostome smooth or finely verrucose; Great Lakes area, ne North America, Alaska.
|[[Orthotrichum sordidum|Orthotrichum sordidum]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Calyptrae naked or hairs few near tip; endostome segments hyaline, delicate, as wide as exostome teeth; capsules widest at mouth, ovate-oblong; leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong; apices rounded-obtuse; plants when mature to 1 cm.
|[[Orthotrichum exiguum|Orthotrichum exiguum]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Calyptrae hairy; endostome segments yellowish brown, stout, narrower than exostome teeth; capsules widest mid capsule or cylindric; leaves lanceolate, rarely oblong-lanceolate; apices acute to acuminate; plants when mature larger than 1 cm
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Sexual condition dioicous; exostome teeth acuminate.
|[[Orthotrichum lyellii|Orthotrichum lyellii]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Sexual condition autoicous; exostome teeth acute or truncate
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Leaf apices slender-acute; exostome teeth truncate, often connate at base; Appalachian Mountains.
|[[Orthotrichum keeverae|Orthotrichum keeverae]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Leaf apices acute or acuminate; exostome teeth acute, separate to base; absent in Appalachian Mountains
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Exostome teeth 16; endostome usually not erose, segments 16; Arizona, New Mexico.
|[[Orthotrichum pycnophyllum|Orthotrichum pycnophyllum]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Exostome teeth 8, or if 16, endostome erose, segments 8 to 16; temperate and boreal regions southward to California and Missouri
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Capsules slightly 8-ribbed to mid capsule.
|[[Orthotrichum speciosum|Orthotrichum speciosum]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Capsules smooth. Capsules cylindric, emergent to sometimes short-exserted; exostome teeth 8; endostome segments 8.
|[[Orthotrichum elegans|Orthotrichum elegans]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Capsules ovate, immersed; exostome teeth 16; endostome segments 16.
|[[Orthotrichum striatum|Orthotrichum striatum]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Leaf apices obtuse; margins irregularly dentate at apex, or if entire, apex cucullate; calyptrae naked, papillose; on base of trees near streams or seasonally wet rock, sometimes submerged; west of Continental Divide
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Leaf apices acute, narrowly obtuse, apiculate, cuspidate, or mucronate, occasionally obtuse; margins entire or denticulate at apex, occasionally papillose-crenulate; calyptrae naked or hairy, smooth; on trunks of trees or dry rock faces; California or e North America
|[[#key-0-28| > 28]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Plants red-brown to black; leaf apices cucullate; margins entire to sometimes irregularly serrulate near apex; distal laminal cells to 20 µm.
|[[Orthotrichum euryphyllum|Orthotrichum euryphyllum]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Plants dark green to blackish; leaf apices flat; margins usually irregularly dentate at apex; distal laminal cells to 13 µm.
|[[Orthotrichum rivulare|Orthotrichum rivulare]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Capsules smooth, constricted at mouth by 8 short ribs when dry; exostome absent; California.
|[[Orthotrichum anodon|Orthotrichum anodon]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Capsules smooth or 8- or 16-ribbed, usually constricted below mouth when dry; exostome present; widespread in North America
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Distal laminal cells 2-stratose or rarely with few 1-stratose areas
|[[#key-0-30| > 30]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Distal laminal cells usually 1-stratose, rarely 2-stratose in streaks or with marginal cells 2- to multistratose
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Stems erect; leaves similar on vegetative and fertile stems; w North America.
|[[Orthotrichum hallii|Orthotrichum hallii]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Primary stems creeping, vegetative and fertile stems erect; leaves differentiated on vegetative and fertile stems; California.
|[[Orthotrichum kellmanii|Orthotrichum kellmanii]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Exostome teeth erect, incurved, or spreading, densely papillose, papillose-striate, striate, or reticulate-papillose; capsules 8- or 16-ribbed
|[[#key-0-32| > 32]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Exostome teeth reflexed or sometimes erect or recurved, finely papillose, rarely striate at apices; capsules smooth or 8-ribbed
|[[#key-0-39| > 39]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Endostome segments 16, filiform, well developed.
|[[Orthotrichum underwoodii|Orthotrichum underwoodii]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Endostome segments absent, or 8, short, not well developed
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Capsules exserted, oblong-cylindric to cylindric, usually with 8 long and 8 short ribs; distal laminal cells 1-stratose.
|[[Orthotrichum anomalum|Orthotrichum anomalum]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Capsules immersed or emergent, rarely short-exserted, ovate or oblong, usually with 8 or 16 ± uniform ribs; distal laminal cells 1- or partially 2-stratose
|[[#key-0-34| > 34]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Capsules 16-ribbed, ovate; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; apices acute or rarely narrowly obtuse; distal laminal cells 1-stratose, rarely 2-stratose in streaks.
|[[Orthotrichum cupulatum|Orthotrichum cupulatum]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Capsules 8- or rarely 16-ribbed, oblong or oblong-ovate, rarely ovate; leaves lanceolate, rarely oblong- or ovate-lanceolate; apices obtuse or blunt, rarely acute; distal laminal cells 1- or 2-stratose
|[[#key-0-35| > 35]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Distal laminal and/or marginal cells 1-7-stratose
|[[#key-0-36| > 36]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Distal laminal cells 1-stratose
|[[#key-0-37| > 37]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Marginal and distal laminal cells mostly to completely 2-stratose.
|[[Orthotrichum hallii|Orthotrichum hallii]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Marginal cells 2-7-stratose; distal laminal cells 1-stratose; occasionally with 2-stratose streaks.
|[[Orthotrichum strangulatum|Orthotrichum strangulatum]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Plants appearing glaucous; distal laminal cell papillae large, conic or 2-fid; w North America.
|[[Orthotrichum pellucidum|Orthotrichum pellucidum]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Plants dull; distal laminal cell papillae small, conic; e, c North America
|[[#key-0-38| > 38]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Leaves narrowly lanceolate; margins revolute; capsules ovate; exostome teeth finely papillose.
|[[Orthotrichum lescurii|Orthotrichum lescurii]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Leaves oblong-lanceolate; margins plane or weakly recurved; capsules oblong; exostome teeth reticulate- papillose.
|[[Orthotrichum parvulum|Orthotrichum parvulum]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Capsules smooth when dry, wrinkled and slightly 8-plicate when old; exostome teeth 16, erect to recurved; endostome segments usually absent.
|[[Orthotrichum pusillum|Orthotrichum pusillum]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Capsules 8-ribbed when dry; exostome teeth 8, or 8 splitting to 16, reflexed, occasionally erect or revolute; endostome usually present
|[[#key-0-40| > 40]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Leaf apices cuspidate; margins incurved to form channel at apex; sw United States.
|[[Orthotrichum bartramii|Orthotrichum bartramii]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Leaf apices obtuse, acute, or apiculate, rarely cuspidate; margins not forming channel at apex; widespread in North America
|[[#key-0-41| > 41]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Stomata to 1/2 covered by subsidiary cells, cells not projecting, inner walls not much thickened; calyptrae usually naked, sometimes hairs few
|[[#key-0-42| > 42]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Stomata 1/2 to completely covered by subsidiary cells, cells projecting, inner walls thickened; calyptrae usually hairy
|[[#key-0-44| > 44]]
|-id=key-0-42
|42
|Leaf apices acute, narrowly obtuse, or apiculate; leaves oblong-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate; distal laminal cells 9-14 µm.
|[[Orthotrichum pallens|Orthotrichum pallens]]
|-id=key-0-42
|42
|Leaf apices acute, apiculate, mucronate, or rounded-obtuse; leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate-oblong, oblong-ligulate, or lanceolate; distal laminal cells 13-20 µm
|[[#key-0-43| > 43]]
|-id=key-0-43
|43
|Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-ligulate; apices rounded-obtuse, often mucronate, carinate; w North America.
|[[Orthotrichum flowersii|Orthotrichum flowersii]]
|-id=key-0-43
|43
|Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; apices sharply to slenderly acute, usually apiculate, not carinate; North America.
|[[Orthotrichum pumilum|Orthotrichum pumilum]]
|-id=key-0-44
|44
|Marginal cells 2- or 3-stratose; on dry granite rock.
|[[Orthotrichum shevockii|Orthotrichum shevockii]]
|-id=key-0-44
|44
|Marginal cells 1-stratose; on trees, mesic rock
|[[#key-0-45| > 45]]
|-id=key-0-45
|45
|Exostome teeth striate-reticulate distally; calyptra hairs strongly papillose; distal laminal cell papillae large, conic or 2-fid; leaves loosely twisted when dry.
|[[Orthotrichum alpestre|Orthotrichum alpestre]]
|-id=key-0-45
|45
|Exostome teeth papillose; calyptra hairs smooth or papillose by projecting walls; distal laminal cells smooth or papillae low, not 2-fid; leaves stiff, erect-appressed when dry
|[[#key-0-46| > 46]]
|-id=key-0-46
|46
|Vaginula with hairs present
|[[#key-0-47| > 47]]
|-id=key-0-46
|46
|Vaginula with hairs absent
|[[#key-0-48| > 48]]
|-id=key-0-47
|47
|Capsule ribs thin, delicate when dry; California.
|[[Orthotrichum norrisii|Orthotrichum norrisii]]
|-id=key-0-47
|47
|Capsule ribs thick, broad when dry; Newfoundland.
|[[Orthotrichum stramineum|Orthotrichum stramineum]]
|-id=key-0-48
|48
|Leaf apices incurved when dry; capsules cylindric to cylindric-elliptic, not constricted below mouth; stomata in proximal 1/3 of capsule, covered by subsidiary cells; restricted to west coast.
|[[Orthotrichum tenellum|Orthotrichum tenellum]]
|-id=key-0-48
|48
|Leaf apices not incurved when dry; capsules oblong-cylindric or ovate, not to strongly constricted below mouth; stomata mid capsule, covered by subsidiary cells or not; Rocky Mountains and eastward
|[[#key-0-49| > 49]]
|-id=key-0-49
|49
|Distal laminal cells larger than 14 µm, lumina smooth, rounded; leaf apices apiculate or slender-acute, rarely obtuse; leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; stomata not or to 1/2 covered by subsidiary cells.
|[[Orthotrichum pumilum|Orthotrichum pumilum]]
|-id=key-0-49
|49
|Distal laminal cells to 13 µm, lumina irregular due to uneven wall thickenings; leaf apices bluntly acute to obtuse; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; stomata 1/2 to completely covered by subsidiary cells
|[[#key-0-50| > 50]]
|-id=key-0-50
|50
|Capsules not constricted below mouth, ribs thin, delicate; exostome teeth 8 splitting to 16; subsidiary cells projecting vertically over stomata.
|[[Orthotrichum ohioense|Orthotrichum ohioense]]
|-id=key-0-50
|50
|Capsules strongly constricted below mouth, ribs thick, broad; exostome teeth 8; subsidiary cells projecting horizontally over stomata.
|[[Orthotrichum stellatum|Orthotrichum stellatum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Orthotrichum
|authority=Hedwig
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Orthotrichaceae
|distribution=Nearly worldwide;more common in temperate areas.
|reference=lewinsky1993a;vitt1973a
|publication title=Sp. Musc. Frond.,
|publication year=1801
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/bb6b7e3a7de7d3b7888a1ad48c7fd8f5c722d8d6/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V28/V28_56.xml
|genus=Orthotrichum
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Orthotrichaceae]]