View source for Helonias

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Helonias
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 342. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 159. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Liliaceae;Helonias
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Liliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Helonias]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek helos, marsh, alluding to the habitat
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 56
|treatment_page=page 69
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, subscapose, glabrous, from stout rhizomes; roots contractile, fibrous. <b>Stems</b> erect, simple, hollow, glabrous. <b>Leaves</b> evergreen, in basal rosettes, reduced distally to bractlike leaves; blade simple, oblong-spatulate to oblanceolate, margins entire, apex acute, glabrous. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, racemose, dense, ebracteate, pedicellate. <b>Flowers</b> spreading, fragrant, funnel-shaped; tepals persistent, 6, distinct to barely connate basally, purplish pink, becoming green, spatulate to oblong, nectary proximal, adaxial, weakly sulcate; stamens persistent, 6, equaling tepals; filaments distinct, inner 3 proximally adnate to ovary; anthers dorsifixed, versatile, 1-locular, extrorse, pollen sacs apically confluent; ovary superior, 3-locular proximally, 1-locular distally; septal nectaries absent; styles 3, depressed apically into ovary apex, ascending to arching, distinct, sessile; stigmas not papillate along adaxial surface. <b>Fruits</b> capsular, deeply 3-lobed, papery, dehiscence loculicidal. <b>Seeds</b> 16 per locule, linear-fusiform, caudate at both ends. <b>x</b> = 17.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=e North America.
|discussion=<p>Species 1.</p><!--
--><p>The close relationships among <i>Helonias</i> and the east Asian Heloniopsis A. Gray and Ypsilandra Franchet have been noted repeatedly. They exhibit many similarities in morphology and anatomy (F. Buxbaum 1925, 1927; W. Schulze 1978b; C. Sterling 1980; F. H. Utech 1978b; F. H. Utech and S. Kawano 1981; N. Tanaka 1997, 1997b, 1997c, 1997d, 1997e, 1998), palynology (M. Takahashi and S. Kawano 1989), ecology (S. Kawano and J. Masuda 1980; H. Takahashi 1988), and karyology (F. H. Utech 1980). Based on these similarities, Tanaka merged the five species of Heloniopsis and the three species of Ypsilandra into <i>Helonias</i>. However, molecular evidence indicates that, although the genera are related, they are distinct (S. Fuse and M. N. Tamura 2000). This group has been recognized as a separate tribe, Heloniadeae Fries, within the Melanthiaceae sensu stricto (M. N. Tamura 1998; W. B. Zomlefer 1997b), or placed in a separate family, Heloniadaceae J. Agardh (A. L. Takhtajan 1997).</p><!--
--><p><i>Helonias</i> in eastern North America and the Ypsilandra–Heloniopsis lineage in eastern Asia comprise a paired Arcto-Tertiary element in which Ypsilandra (western China to the Himalayas) and Heloniopis (Taiwan, Korea to Japan) have differentiated from each other in eastern Asia (N. Tanaka 1997e).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=sutter1984a
|text=Sutter, R. D. 1984. The status of Helonias bullata L. (Liliaceae) in the southern Appalachians. Castanea 49: 9–16.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tanaka1997a
|text=Tanaka, N. 1997. Taxonomic significance of some floral characters in Helonias and Ypsilandra (Liliaceae). J. Jap. Bot. 72: 110–116.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tanaka1997b
|text=Tanaka, N. 1997b. Evolutionary significance of the variation of the floral structure of Heloniopsis. J. Jap. Bot. 72: 131–138.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tanaka1997c
|text=Tanaka, N. 1997c. Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on Helonias, Ypsilandra and Heloniopsis. I. Comparison of character states (1). J. Jap. Bot. 72: 221–228.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tanaka1997d
|text=Tanaka, N. 1997d. Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on Helonias, Ypsilandra and Heloniopsis. I. Comparison of character states (2). J. Jap. Bot. 72: 286–292.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tanaka1997e
|text=Tanaka, N. 1997e. Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on Helonias, Ypsilandra and Heloniopsis. II. Evolution and geographical distribution. J. Jap. Bot. 72: 329–336.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tanaka1998a
|text=Tanaka, N. 1998. Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on Helonias, Ypsilandra and Heloniopsis. III. Taxonomic revision. J. Jap. Bot. 73: 102–115.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=utech1978c
|text=Utech, F. H. 1978b. Vascular floral anatomy of Helonias bullata (Liliaceae–Helonieae), with a comparison to the Asian Heloniopsis orientalis. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 47: 169–191.
}}
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Helonias
|author=Frederick H. Utech
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Liliaceae
|distribution=e North America.
|reference=sutter1984a;tanaka1997a;tanaka1997b;tanaka1997c;tanaka1997d;tanaka1997e;tanaka1998a;utech1978c
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f50eec43f223ca0e34566be0b046453a0960e173/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V26/V26_48.xml
|genus=Helonias
}}<!--

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