View source for Sporobolus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Sporobolus
|accepted_authority=R. Br.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Sporobolus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Sporobolus]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 25
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 115
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial; usually cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous, rarely stoloniferous. <b>Culms</b> 10-250 cm, usually erect, rarely prostrate, glabrous. <b>Sheaths</b> open, usually glabrous, often ciliate at the apices; ligules of hairs; blades flat, folded, involute, sometimes terete. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, open or contracted panicles, sometimes partially included in the upper¬most sheath. <b>Spikelets</b> rounded to laterally compressed, with 1(-3) floret(s) per spikelet; disarticulation above the glumes. <b>Glumes</b> 0-1-veined; calluses poorly developed, usually glabrous; lemmas membranous or chartaceous, 1(3)-veined, unawned; paleas glabrous, 2-veined, often splitting between the veins at maturity; anthers (2)3. <b>Fruits</b> utricles or achenes, ellipsoid, obovoid, fusiform, or quadrangular, pericarp free from the seed, becoming mucilaginous when moist in most species, remaining dry and partially adherent to the seed in 5. heterolepis and 5. clandestinus. <b>Cleistogamous</b> spikelets occasionally present in the lower leaf sheaths, x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;W.Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mich.;N.Dak.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Miss.;Utah;Wyo.;Oreg.;Tex.;La.;S.C.;N.C.;Nebr.;Tenn.;Pa.;Ala.;Iowa;Ill.;Ind.;Ky.;Md.;Ohio;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Kans.;Mo.;Okla.;Colo.;Ga.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Ark.;Idaho;Minn.;S.Dak.;Mont.
|discussion=<p><i>Sporobolus</i> is a cosmopolitan genus of more than 160 species that grow in tropical, sub¬tropical, and warm-temperate regions throughout the world. Seventy-three species are native to the Western Hemisphere; 27 are native to the Flora region, three are established introductions, and one was introduced but has not persisted. Two genera of the Western Hemisphere, <i>Calamovilfa</i> and <i>Crypsis</i>, resemble <i>Sporobolus</i> in having hairy ligules, spikelets with 1 floret, 1-veined lemmas, and fruits with a free pericarp (Peterson et al. 1997).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=baaijens1991a
|text=Baaijens, G.J. and J.F. Veldkamp. 1991. Sporobolus (Gramineae) in Malesia. Blumea 35:393-458
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=lasgaard2001a
|text=Lasgaard, S. and RM. Peterson. 2001. Flora of Ecuador 68 (ed. G. Harling & L. Andersson). 214(2). Gramineae (part 2): Subfam. Chloridoideae. Botanical Institute, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden and Section for Botany, Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden. 131 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mcgregor1990a
|text=McGregor, R.L. 1990. Seed dormancy and germination in the annual cleistogamous species of Sporobolus (Poaceae). Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 93:8-11
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=peterson1997a
|text=Peterson, P.M., R.D. Webster and J. Valdes-Reyna. 1997. Genera of New World Eragrostideae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae). Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 87:1-50
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=riggins1977a
|text=Riggins, R. 1977. A biosystematic study of the Sporobolus asper complex (Gramineae). Iowa State J. Res. 51:287-321
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=simon1999a
|text=Simon, B.K. and S.W.L. Jacobs. 1999. Revision of the genus Sporobolus (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in Australia. Austral. J. Bot. 12:375-148
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=weakley1998a
|text=Weakley, A.S. and P.M. Peterson. 1998. Taxonomy of the Sporobolus floridanus complex (Poaceae: Sporobolinae). Sida 18:247-270.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants annuals or short-lived perennials flowering in the first year.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Lower panicle nodes with 7-15 branches; mature panicles pyramidal
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Lower panicle nodes with 1-3 branches; mature panicles cylindrical to pyramidal.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Pedicels 0.1-0.5(1) mm long, appressed
|[[Sporobolus pyramidatus|Sporobolus pyramidatus]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Pedicels (2)3-6(8) mm long, widely spreading
|[[Sporobolus coahuilensis|Sporobolus coahuilensis]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Spikelets 0.7-1.1 mm long; anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long
|[[Sporobolus tenuissimus|Sporobolus tenuissimus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Spikelets 1.6-6 mm long; anthers 0.3-3.2 mm long.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Mature panicles 10-35 cm long, 4.5-30 cm wide, open; secondary branches spreading; pedicels usually 6-25 mm long, spreading
|[[Sporobolus texanus|Sporobolus texanus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Mature panicles 1-5 cm long, 0.2-0.5 cm wide, contracted; secondary branches appressed; pedicels usually 0.1-4 mm long, appressed. 5. Lemmas strigose; spikelets 2.3-6 mm long; mature fruits (1.1)1.8-2.7 mm long
|[[Sporobolus vaginiflorus|Sporobolus vaginiflorus]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Lemmas glabrous; spikelets 1.6-3 mm long; mature fruits 1.2-1.8 mm long
|[[Sporobolus neglectus|Sporobolus neglectus]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants perennial.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Plants with rhizomes.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Spikelets 1.4-3.2 mm long.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Panicles 0.4-1.6 cm wide, spikelike, blades usually conspicuously distichous
|[[Sporobolus virginicus|Sporobolus virginicus]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Panicles 2.4-8 cm wide, somewhat contracted to lax and open, blades not obviously distichous
|[[Sporobolus fimbriatus|Sporobolus fimbriatus]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Spikelets 4-10 mm long.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Panicles (0.6)1-8 cm wide, open to somewhat contracted, narrowly pyramidal, well-exerted from the uppermost sheath; branches without spikelets on the lower 1/3
|[[Sporobolus interruptus|Sporobolus interruptus]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Panicles 0.04-1.6 cm wide, narrow or spikelike, partially to wholly included in the uppermost sheath; branches spikelet-bearing to the base.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Fruits 1-2 mm long; pericarp gelatinous, slipping from the seed when wet; panicles 5-30 cm long, 0.4-1.6 cm wide; lemmas glabrous, smooth
|[[Sporobolus compositus|Sporobolus compositus]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Fruits (1.5)2.4-3.5 mm long; pericarp loose but neither gelatinous nor slipping from the seed when wet; panicles 5-11 cm long, 0.04-0.3 cm wide; lemmas minutely pubescent or scabridulous
|[[Sporobolus clandestinus|Sporobolus clandestinus]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Plants without rhizomes.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Upper glumes usually less than 2/3 as long as the florets.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Lower panicle branches much shorter than the adjacent internodes, appressed to strongly ascending
|[[Sporobolus creber|Sporobolus creber]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Lower panicle branches usually as long as or longer than the adjacent internodes, appressed or ascending.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Spikelets 2-2.7 mm long; upper glumes usually 1/2 - 2/3 as long as the florets, acute to obtuse, entire
|[[Sporobolus indicus|Sporobolus indicus]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Spikelets 1.3-1.8(2) mm long; upper glumes usually less than 1/2 as long as the florets, rarely longer; truncate, erose to denticulate.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Anthers 0.9-1.1 mm long, usually 3, rarely 2; branches spikelet-bearing to the base
|[[Sporobolus jacquemontii|Sporobolus jacquemontii]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long, usually 2, rarely 3; branches without spikelets on the lower 1/4
|[[Sporobolus diandrus|Sporobolus diandrus]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Upper glumes at least 2/3 as long as the florets, often longer.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Spikelets 1-2.5(2.8) mm long [for opposite lead, see p. 117].
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lower sheaths keeled and flattened below
|[[Sporobolus buckleyi|Sporobolus buckleyi]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lower sheaths rounded below.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Panicles 12-35 cm wide, open.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Sheath apices with a conspicuous tuft of white hairs; flag blades nearly perpendicular to the culms
|[[Sporobolus cryptandrus|Sporobolus cryptandrus]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Sheath apices glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; flag blades ascending.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Secondary panicle branches spikelet-bearing to the base; pedicels mostly appressed, mostly 0.2-0.5 mm long; panicles 20-60 cm long
|[[Sporobolus wrightii|Sporobolus wrightii]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Secondary panicle branches without spikelets on the lower 1/4 - 1/2; pedicels mostly spreading, mostly 0.5-25 mm long; panicles 10-45 cm long.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Pedicels 0.5-2 mm long; anthers 1.1-1.8 mm long
|[[Sporobolus airoides|Sporobolus airoides]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Pedicels 6-25 mm long; anthers 0.3-1 mm long
|[[Sporobolus texanus|Sporobolus texanus]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Panicles 0.2-12(14) cm wide, contracted to open.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Mature panicles 0.2-5 cm wide, contracted, often spikelike, the panicle branches appressed or diverging no more than 30° from the rachises.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Primary panicle branches without spikelets on the lower 1/8–1/2 of their length.
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Leaf blades 1-1.5 mm wide; ligules 0.2-0.4 mm long
|[[Sporobolus nealleyi|Sporobolus nealleyi]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Leaf blades 2-6 mm wide; ligules 0.3-1 mm long.
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Lower panicle nodes with 7-12(15) branches; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm long
|[[Sporobolus pyramidatus|Sporobolus pyramidatus]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Lower panicle nodes with 1-3 branches; anthers 0.5-1 mm long
|[[Sporobolus cryptandrus|Sporobolus cryptandrus]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Primary panicle branches spikelet-bearing to the base.
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Lower glumes usually 1-veined; mature panicles 0.2-0.8(1) cm wide; lemmas 2-3.2 mm long, linear-lanceolate; upper glumes 2-3.2 mm long; anthers 3, 0.3-0.5 mm long; plants primarily from west of the Mississippi River
|[[Sporobolus contractus|Sporobolus contractus]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Lower glumes usually without veins; mature panicles 1-5 cm wide; lemmas 1.1-2 mm long, ovate; upper glumes 1.1-2 mm long; anthers 2 or 3, 0.5-1 mm long; plants primarily from east of the Mississippi River
|[[Sporobolus domingensis|Sporobolus domingensis]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Mature panicles 4.5-30 cm wide, open, pyramidal to subovate or oblong, the panicle branches diverging more than 10° from the rachises, sometimes reflexed.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Lower panicle nodes with 7-12(15) branches; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm long
|[[Sporobolus pyramidatus|Sporobolus pyramidatus]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Lower panicle nodes with 1-2(3) branches; anthers 0.4-1 mm long.
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Pedicels 6-25 mm long, spreading; panicles 4.5-30 cm wide, about as long as wide, diffuse
|[[Sporobolus texanus|Sporobolus texanus]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Pedicels 0.1-3 mm long, appressed or spreading; panicles 0.3-14 cm wide, longer than wide, open and/or drooping.
|[[#key-0-28| > 28]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Culms 10-50(60) cm tall, 0.7-1.2 mm thick near the base; plants with hard, knotty bases; blades (0.6)1.5-6(7) cm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, involute, spreading at right angles to the culms
|[[Sporobolus nealleyi|Sporobolus nealleyi]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Culms 30-120 cm tall, 1-3.5 mm thick near the base; plant bases not hard and knotty; blades (2)5-26 cm long, 2-6 mm wide, flat to involute, ascending or at right angles to the culms.
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Pedicels appressed to the secondary branches; primary branches appressed, spreading, or reflexed; pulvini glabrous; rachises straight, erect; mature panicles narrowly pyramidal, lower branches longer than the middle branches
|[[Sporobolus cryptandrus|Sporobolus cryptandrus]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Pedicels spreading from the secondary branches; primary branches reflexed; pulvini pubescent; rachises drooping or nodding; mature panicles subovate to oblong, lower branches no longer than those in the middle
|[[Sporobolus flexuosus|Sporobolus flexuosus]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Spikelets 2.5-10 mm long [for opposite lead, see p. 116].
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Lower panicle nodes with 3 or more branches.
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Mature panicles 2-6 cm wide, pyramidal; panicle branches diverging 20-100° from the rachises; blades 0.8-2 mm wide; fruits 1.4-1.8 mm long
|[[Sporobolus junceus|Sporobolus junceus]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Mature panicles 0.4-1.6 cm wide, narrow, contracted; panicle branches appressed or diverging to 20° from the rachises; blades 2-5 mm wide; fruits 1.8-2.3 mm long
|[[Sporobolus purpurascens|Sporobolus purpurascens]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Lower panicle nodes with 1-2(3) branches.
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Mature panicles 0.04-4 cm wide, spikelike; panicle branches appressed.
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Spikelets 4-6(10) mm long, stramineous to purplish-tinged; panicles terminal and axillary; sheaths without a conspicuous apical tuft of hairs.
|[[#key-0-34| > 34]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Lemmas minutely pubescent or scabridulous, chartaceous and opaque; pericarps loose but neither gelatinous nor slipping off the seeds when wet; fruits (1.5)2.4-3.5 mm long
|[[Sporobolus clandestinus|Sporobolus clandestinus]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Lemmas usually glabrous and smooth, membranous to chartaceous and hyaline; pericarps gelatinous, slipping off the seeds when wet; fruits 1-2 mm long
|[[Sporobolus compositus|Sporobolus compositus]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Spikelets 1.7-3.5(4) mm long, whitish to plumbeous; panicles all terminal; sheaths with a conspicuous apical tuft of hairs.
|[[#key-0-34| > 34]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Culms 40-100(120) cm tall, 2-4(5) mm thick near the base; mature panicles 0.2-0.8(1) cm wide; anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long
|[[Sporobolus contractus|Sporobolus contractus]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Culms 100-200 cm tall, (3)4-10 mm thick near the base; mature panicles 1-4 cm wide; anthers 0.6-1 mm long
|[[Sporobolus giganteus|Sporobolus giganteus]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Mature panicles (0.6)1-30 cm wide, usually open, narrowly pyramidal to pyramidal or ovate; panicle branches appressed or spreading.
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Spikelets 2.3-3 mm long; panicles 4.5-30 cm wide, diffuse, about as long as wide; branches capillary; anthers 0.3-1 mm long
|[[Sporobolus texanus|Sporobolus texanus]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Spikelets 3-7.2 mm long; panicles 0.6-15 cm wide, longer than wide, not diffuse; branches not capillary; anthers 1.5-5 mm long.
|[[#key-0-37| > 37]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Mature spikelets plumbeous; sheath bases dull, fibrous.
|[[#key-0-38| > 38]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Anthers 3-4.2 mm long; ligules 0.2-0.7 mm long; plants from Arizona
|[[Sporobolus interruptus|Sporobolus interruptus]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Anthers 1.7-3 mm long; ligules 0.1-0.3 mm long; plants not known from Arizona
|[[Sporobolus heterolepis|Sporobolus heterolepis]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Mature spikelets purplish-brown to purplish; sheath bases shiny, indurate.
|[[#key-0-38| > 38]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Blades 0.5-1.2 mm wide, subterete to terete in cross section, at least at the base, sometimes channeled for portions of their length, sometimes becoming tightly involute distally, senescing or turning tan in late fall, the margins smooth; pedicels with scattered ascending hairs
|[[Sporobolus teretifolus|Sporobolus teretifolus]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Blades 0.8-10 mm wide, flat or V-shaped in cross section, flat, folded, or involute when dry, remaining green well into winter or yellowing at maturity, the margins usually scabridulous, occasionally smooth; pedicels glabrous, sometimes scabridulous or scabrous.
|[[#key-0-40| > 40]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Lower glumes from 0.9 times as long as to longer than the upper glumes; culms 30-80(90) cm tall; panicles 10-25 cm long; pedicels 0.5-4(8) mm long, usually shorter than the spikelets, appressed
|[[Sporobolus curtissii|Sporobolus curtissii]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Lower glumes from 0.6-0.9 (0.94) times as long as the upper glumes; culms (30)45-250 cm tall; panicles 15-50 cm long; pedicels 2-22 mm long, spreading or appressed.
|[[#key-0-41| > 41]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Pedicels appressed; lemmas 4.4-6.5 mm long; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; spikelets purplish
|[[Sporobolus silveanus|Sporobolus silveanus]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Pedicels spreading; lemmas 3-4.3 mm long; anthers 2-3.4 mm long; spikelets purplish-brown.
|[[#key-0-42| > 42]]
|-id=key-0-42
|42
|Blades (2)3-10 mm wide, pale bluish-green, yellowing at maturity; panicles (18)30-50 cm long, 4-15 cm wide; lower glumes (0.6)0.75-0.94 times as long as the upper glumes
|[[Sporobolus floridanus|Sporobolus floridanus]]
|-id=key-0-42
|42
|Blades 1.2-2(3) mm wide, dark green, remaining green well into winter; panicles 15-30 cm long, 2-6 cm wide; lower glumes 0.6-0.83 times as long as the upper glumes
|[[Sporobolus pinetorum|Sporobolus pinetorum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Sporobolus
|author=Paul M. Peterson;Stephan L. Hatch;Alan S. Weakley;
|authority=R. Br.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;W.Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mich.;N.Dak.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Miss.;Utah;Wyo.;Oreg.;Tex.;La.;S.C.;N.C.;Nebr.;Tenn.;Pa.;Ala.;Iowa;Ill.;Ind.;Ky.;Md.;Ohio;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Kans.;Mo.;Okla.;Colo.;Ga.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Ark.;Idaho;Minn.;S.Dak.;Mont.
|reference=baaijens1991a;lasgaard2001a;mcgregor1990a;peterson1997a;riggins1977a;simon1999a;weakley1998a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f50eec43f223ca0e34566be0b046453a0960e173/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_186.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae
|genus=Sporobolus
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]