View source for Zizania

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Zizania
|accepted_authority=L.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Ehrhartoideae;Poaceae tribe Oryzeae;Zizania
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Ehrhartoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Oryzeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Zizania]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 47
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial; aquatic, usually rooted in the substrate; sometimes rhizomatous or stoloniferous; monoecious. <b>Culms</b> to 5 m, erect and emergent or floating. <b>Leaves</b> concentrated on the lower portion of the stem or evenly distributed; sheaths open, not inflated; ligules membranous or scarious, glabrous; pseudopetioles absent; blades flat, aerial or floating, scabrous or smooth. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal panicles; branches usually unisexual, lower branches staminate, upper branches pistillate, middle branches sometimes with staminate and pistillate spikelets intermixed; pedicel apices cupulate; disarticulation beneath the spikelets, in cultivated strains disarticulation delayed, the spikelets tending not to shatter until harvested. <b>Spikelets</b> unisexual, with 1 floret. <b>Glumes</b> absent; calluses inconspicuous; lemmas 5-veined; paleas 3-veined; lodicules 2, membranous. <b>Staminate</b> spikelets pendant, terete or appearing so; lemmas membranous; paleas membranous, loosely enclosing the stamens; anthers 6. <b>Pistillate</b> spikelets terete; lemmas chartaceous or coriaceous, margins involute and clasping the margins of the paleas, apices acute to acuminate, sometimes awned, awns terminal, slender, scabridulous; styles 2, bases not fused, stigmas laterally exserted, plumose. <b>Caryopses</b> cylindrical; embryos linear, often as long as the caryopses; hila linear, x = 15.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Wis.;Ariz.;Idaho;Minn.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Ohio;S.Dak.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Tex.;La.;Iowa;Kans.;Pa.;Ala.;Ark.;Ga.;Ill.;Md.;Mo.;Miss.;N.C.;S.C.;D.C;Va.;Colo.;Calif.;Ind.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. And Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mich.;Mont.;Oreg.;Tenn.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ky.
|discussion=<p><i>Zizania</i> includes three North American and one eastern Asian species. <i>Zizania aquatica</i> and <i>Z. palustris</i> are important constituents of aquatic plant communities in North America, providing food and shelter for numerous animal species. <i>Zizania palustris</i> is also an important food source for humans. <i>Zizania texana</i> is federally listed as an endangered species in the United States. <i>Zizania latifolia</i>, an Asian species, is available through horticultural outlets despite its potential for harboring a fungus that would devastate the native species (for additional information, see the comment following the species description).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=aiken1988a
|text=Aiken, S.G., P.F. Lee, D. Punter, and J.M. Stewart. 1988. Wild Rice in Canada. Agriculture Canada Publication 1830. NC Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 130 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dore1969a
|text=Dore, W.G. 1969. Wild Rice. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication No. 1393. Information Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 84 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=duvall1988a
|text=Duvall, M.R. and D.D. Biesboer. 1988. Nonreciprocal hybridization failure in crosses between annual wild-rice species (Zizania palustris x Z. aquatica: Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 13:229-234
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=liu2006b
|text=Liu, L. and S.M. Phillips. 2006. Zizania. Pp. 187-188 in Z.-Y. Wu, P.H. Raven, and D.-Y. Hong (eds.). Flora of China, vol. 22 (Poaceae). Science Press, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. 653 pp. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume22/index.htm/
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=terrell1978a
|text=Terrell, E.E., W.H.P. Emery, and H.E. Beaty. 1978. Observations on Zizania texana (Texas wildrice), an endangered species. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 105:50-57
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=terrell1982a
|text=Terrell, E.E. and L.R. Batra. 1982. Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, a grass-fungus association. Econ. Bot. 36:274-285
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=terrell1997a
|text=Terrell, E.E., P.M. Peterson, J.L. Reveal, and M.R. Duvall. 1997. Taxonomy of North American species of Zizania (Poaceae). Sida 17:533-549
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=walkato2002a
|text=Environment Walkato. 2002-2007. Regional Pest Management Strategy. Walkato Regional Council, Hamilton East, New Zealand, http://www.ew.govt.nz/policyandplans/rpmsintro/rpms2002/operative5.2.7.htm/
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=warwick1986a
|text=Warwick, S.I. and S.G. Aiken. 1986. Electrophoretic evidence for the recognition of two species in annual wild rice (Zizania, Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 11:464-473.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Culms decumbent, completely immersed or the upper parts of the culm emergent; known only from the San Marcos River in Hays County, Texas
|[[Zizania texana|Zizania texana]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Culms usually erect at maturity, rarely completely immersed; plants not known from Texas.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants rhizomatous, perennial; middle branches of the panicles with both staminate and pistillate spikelets, other branches with either staminate or pistillate spikelets; plants cultivated as ornamentals
|[[Zizania latifolia|Zizania latifolia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants without rhizomes, annual; all panicle branches unisexual, with either staminate or pistillate spikelets; plants native and widespread, also cultivated for grain.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Lemmas of the pistillate spikelets flexible and chartaceous, dull or sublustrous, bearing short, scattered hairs, these not or only slightly more dense towards the apices; aborted pistillate spikelets 0.4-1 mm wide; pistillate inflorescence branches usually divaricate at maturity
|[[Zizania aquatic|Zizania aquatic]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Lemmas of the pistillate spikelets stiff and coriaceous or indurate, lustrous, glabrous or with lines of short hairs, the apices more densely hairy; aborted pistillate spikelets 0.6-2.6 mm wide; pistillate inflorescence branches usually appressed at maturity, or with 1 to few, somewhat spreading branches
|[[Zizania palustris|Zizania palustris]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Zizania
|author=Edward E. Terrell;
|authority=L.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Wis.;Ariz.;Idaho;Minn.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Ohio;S.Dak.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Tex.;La.;Iowa;Kans.;Pa.;Ala.;Ark.;Ga.;Ill.;Md.;Mo.;Miss.;N.C.;S.C.;D.C;Va.;Colo.;Calif.;Ind.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. And Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mich.;Mont.;Oreg.;Tenn.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ky.
|reference=aiken1988a;dore1969a;duvall1988a;liu2006b;terrell1978a;terrell1982a;terrell1997a;walkato2002a;warwick1986a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f50eec43f223ca0e34566be0b046453a0960e173/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V24/V24_48.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Ehrhartoideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Oryzeae
|genus=Zizania
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Oryzeae]]