View source for Pedicularis

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Pedicularis
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 607. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Lousewort;fernflower
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Elephantella
|authority=Rydberg
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Pediculariopsis
|authority=
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Orobanchaceae;Pedicularis
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Orobanchaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Pedicularis]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin pediculus, louse, alluding to belief that livestock feeding on P. palustris developed lice
|volume=Volume 17
|mention_page=page 7, 458, 511, 520, 522, 523, 530, 532, 534
|treatment_page=page 510
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> perennial [annual]; hemiparasitic, rhizomatous, caudex woody or fleshy, scaly. <b>Stems</b> erect, fleshy, glabrous, hispid, villous, or woolly. <b>Leaves</b>: basal rosette [absent], petiole present, blade not fleshy, not leathery, margins entire, serrate, or crenate; cauline alternate, rarely whorled [nearly opposite], sometimes absent, petiole present or absent, blade chartaceous, margins entire, serrate, or crenate. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal or axillary, racemes; bracts present. <b>Pedicels</b> present; bracteoles absent. <b>Flowers</b>: sepals 2 or [4]5, calyx bilaterally symmetric, campanulate or tubular, lobes triangular, spatulate, or filiform; petals 5, corolla pink, purple, red, yellow, or white, strongly bilabiate, cylindric to funnelform, abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2, adaxial lip galeate, enclosing anthers and style, beaked or beakless, margins entire medially and distally, with 1 set of teeth medially and entire distally, with 1 set of teeth medially and distally, or entire medially and with 1 set of teeth distally; stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous or hairy, pollen sacs equal; staminode 0; ovary 2-locular, placentation axile; stigma capitate. <b>Capsules</b>: dehiscence loculicidal. <b>Seeds</b> 5–100, dark gray, brown, or tan, ovoid, wings absent. <b>x</b> = 8.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;South America;Europe;s;c Asia;Atlantic Islands (Iceland).
|discussion=<p>Species 400–600 (37 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>E. Hultén (1968) listed three <i>Pedicularis</i> taxa in his Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories that do not occur in the flora area; P. amoena Adams ex Steven, P. kanei Durand <i></i>subsp.<i> adamsii</i> (Hultén) Hultén, and <i>P. villosa</i> Ledebour ex Sprengel are found on the Chukchi Peninsula of Siberia.</p><!--
--><p>The most common chromosome number for <i>Pedicularis</i> is 2n = 16. Two species are reported to have a diploid number of 2n = 12, and at least five species have a number of 2n = 14. See reviews in Jie C. et al. (2004) and M. I. S. Saggoo and D. K. Srivastava (2009).</p><!--
--><p>Infrageneric classification of <i>Pedicularis</i> is both difficult and incomplete. The author has not attempted to present one for the North American taxa. Inconsistencies result from using either floral morphology or phyllotaxy to construct major subgeneric groups (C. Steven 1823; G. Bentham 1835; C. J. Maximowicz 1888; D. Prain 1890; G. Bonati 1918; Tsoong P. C. 1955); the latter author proposed 130 series to accommodate the worldwide variation in <i>Pedicularis</i>. Recognizing that floral form probably evolved in parallel among groups, Li H. L. (1948) employed phyllotaxy to erect three informal subgeneric taxa (greges) for the <i>Pedicularis</i> of China, including grex Allophyllum, species with alternate leaves; grex Cyclophyllum, species with opposite or verticillate arrangement of leaves; and grex Poecilophyllum, species with alternate to subopposite leaves on the same plant. However, molecular phylogenies (Yang F. S. et al. 2003; R. H. Ree 2005; B. W. Robart et al. 2015; Yu W. B. et al. 2015) indicate inconsistencies even in the treatment by Li, although the study by Yu et al., which included 257 species, did show that grex Cyclophyllum is monophyletic.</p><!--
--><p>Pediculariopsis was described to account for species (for example, <i>Pedicularis verticillata</i>) that exhibit a different base chromosome number (x = 6 versus x = 8). That concept has not been accepted by others, because there is little morphological support.</p><!--
--><p>The use of infraspecific ranks in <i>Pedicularis</i> follows T. F. Stuessy (1990), who argued that the subspecific rank is appropriate when several obvious morphological differences are associated with an allopatric or peripatric geographical pattern, whereas the varietal rank is appropriate when one to few differences are associated with more or less geographic overlap. Unfortunately, <i>Pedicularis</i> specialists have not used these levels consistently. The subspecies rank is used here, except in <i>P. bracteosa</i>, <i>P. centranthera</i>, and <i>P. contorta</i>.</p><!--
--><p><i>Pedicularis</i> is a common element of arctic and alpine habitats in the Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest concentration of species occurring in Asia.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Racemes verticillate; cauline leaves whorled.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Galeas beaked; basal leaf blades 15–40 mm.
|[[Pedicularis chamissonis|Pedicularis chamissonis]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Galeas beakless; basal leaf blades 10–20 mm.
|[[Pedicularis verticillata|Pedicularis verticillata]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Racemes simple or paniculate; cauline leaves alternate.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Calyx lobes 2(–4).
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Galeas beaked.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Beaks sickle-shaped.
|[[Pedicularis racemosa|Pedicularis racemosa]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Beaks straight.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Calyx lobe apices distally serrate.
|[[Pedicularis lanceolata|Pedicularis lanceolata]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Calyx lobe apices distally entire.
|[[Pedicularis lapponica|Pedicularis lapponica]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Galeas beakless.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Galea margins 1-toothed medially, entire distally.
|[[Pedicularis parviflora|Pedicularis parviflora]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Galea margins entire or 1-toothed medially, 1-toothed distally.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Galea margins 1-toothed medially.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Galeas 6.5–9 mm.
|[[Pedicularis palustris|Pedicularis palustris]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Galeas 3–6.5 mm.
|[[Pedicularis pennellii|Pedicularis pennellii]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Galea margins entire medially.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Racemes paniculate, or buds present in cauline leaf axils.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Basal leaves 0; cauline leaf blades undivided.
|[[Pedicularis angustifolia|Pedicularis angustifolia]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Basal leaves 2 or 3; cauline leaf blades undivided or 1- or 2-pinnatifid.
|[[Pedicularis labradorica|Pedicularis labradorica]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Racemes simple.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Cauline leaf blades 1-pinnatifid, lobe margins 1- or 2-serrate.
|[[Pedicularis canadensis|Pedicularis canadensis]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Cauline leaf blades undivided, lobe margins 2-crenate.
|[[Pedicularis crenulata|Pedicularis crenulata]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Calyx lobes 5.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Galeas beaked.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Galea beaks coiled.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Galea beak apices surrounded by abaxial lips.
|[[Pedicularis contorta|Pedicularis contorta]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Galea beak apices not surrounded by abaxial lips.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Galea beaks abruptly upcurved; beaks 3–6 mm.
|[[Pedicularis attollens|Pedicularis attollens]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Galea beaks gradually upcurved; beaks 5–18 mm.
|[[Pedicularis groenlandica|Pedicularis groenlandica]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Galea beaks straight.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Beaks 0.8–2.5 mm; bracts undivided.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Corolla tubes and galeas yellow.
|[[Pedicularis bracteosa|Pedicularis bracteosa]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Corolla tubes and galeas white.
|[[Pedicularis howellii|Pedicularis howellii]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Beaks 2–8 mm; bracts undivided or +/- lobed.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Galeas 4–6.5 mm.
|[[Pedicularis ornithorhynchos|Pedicularis ornithorhynchos]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Galeas 7–10 mm.
|[[Pedicularis parryi|Pedicularis parryi]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Galeas beakless.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Galea margins entire medially, 1-toothed distally.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Calyces glabrous.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Bracts 2-pinnatifid to midrib.
|[[Pedicularis sylvatica|Pedicularis sylvatica]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Bracts undivided proximally, 1-pinnatifid 1/2 to midrib distally, or undivided with or without long auricles, or 1-pinnatifid.
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Pedicels 2.5–5 mm; corolla tubes 11–13 mm.
|[[Pedicularis langsdorffii|Pedicularis langsdorffii]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Pedicels 1–2.5 mm; corolla tubes 9–11 mm.
|[[Pedicularis sudetica|Pedicularis sudetica]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Calyces +/- tomentose, hispid-glandular, hispid to hirsute, white- or yellowish white-lanate, sparsely pilose, or +/- woolly.
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Corolla tubes yellow to light or greenish yellow.
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Corollas 14–19 mm.
|[[Pedicularis furbishiae|Pedicularis furbishiae]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Corollas 22–30 mm.
|[[Pedicularis procera|Pedicularis procera]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Corolla tubes red, violet-red, lavender, purple, magenta, or pink, sometimes white.
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Basal leaf blades 150–250 mm.
|[[Pedicularis procera|Pedicularis procera]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Basal leaf blades 5–110 mm.
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Basal leaves: margins of adjacent lobes nonoverlapping to extensively overlapping.
|[[#key-0-28| > 28]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Bracts undivided or 1- or 2-auricled, sometimes 1-pinnatifid.
|[[Pedicularis cystopteridifolia|Pedicularis cystopteridifolia]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Bracts 2-pinnatifid, not auricled.
|[[Pedicularis pulchella|Pedicularis pulchella]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Basal leaves: margins of adjacent lobes nonoverlapping or slightly overlapping distally.
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Corollas 11–19 mm, galea apices nearly straight to arching slightly over abaxial lips.
|[[Pedicularis hirsuta|Pedicularis hirsuta]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Corollas 16–25 mm, galea apices strongly arching over abaxial lips.
|[[#key-0-30| > 30]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Pedicels 2.5–5 mm.
|[[Pedicularis langsdorffii|Pedicularis langsdorffii]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Pedicels 1–2.5 mm.
|[[Pedicularis sudetica|Pedicularis sudetica]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Galea margins entire medially and distally.
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Racemes not exceeding basal leaves.
|[[#key-0-32| > 32]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Galeas 13–15 mm.
|[[Pedicularis centranthera|Pedicularis centranthera]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Galeas 5–12 mm.
|[[Pedicularis semibarbata|Pedicularis semibarbata]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Racemes exceeding basal leaves.
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Galea apices straight.
|[[#key-0-34| > 34]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Corolla abaxial lips 3–7 mm.
|[[Pedicularis aurantiaca|Pedicularis aurantiaca]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Corolla abaxial lips 8–15 mm.
|[[Pedicularis densiflora|Pedicularis densiflora]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Galea apices arching over or beyond abaxial lips.
|[[#key-0-35| > 35]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Calyces glabrous or ciliate.
|[[#key-0-36| > 36]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Galeas yellow.
|[[Pedicularis bracteosa|Pedicularis bracteosa]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Galeas yellow proximally, dark red to purple distally.
|[[Pedicularis flammea|Pedicularis flammea]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Calyces hispid to tomentose, hirsute, or densely woolly.
|[[#key-0-37| > 37]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Racemes capitate, each 2–8-flowered, galea apices arching beyond abaxial lips.
|[[Pedicularis capitata|Pedicularis capitata]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Racemes simple, each 6–100-flowered, galea apices arching over or beyond abaxial lips.
|[[#key-0-38| > 38]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Galeas bicolored.
|[[Pedicularis oederi|Pedicularis oederi]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Galeas concolored.
|[[#key-0-39| > 39]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Corolla tubes light to dark yellow or dark blood red.
|[[#key-0-40| > 40]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Pedicels 0.5–1 mm.
|[[Pedicularis bracteosa|Pedicularis bracteosa]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Pedicels 1–3.5 mm.
|[[Pedicularis rainierensis|Pedicularis rainierensis]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Corolla tubes pink or reddish purple, rarely white.
|[[#key-0-41| > 41]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Bracts undivided.
|[[Pedicularis dudleyi|Pedicularis dudleyi]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Bracts 1-pinnatifid distally.
|[[Pedicularis lanata|Pedicularis lanata]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Pedicularis
|author=Bruce W. Robart
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Elephantella;Pediculariopsis
|basionyms=
|family=Orobanchaceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America;Mexico;South America;Europe;s;c Asia;Atlantic Islands (Iceland).
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/eaa6e58056e40c9ef614d8f47aea294977a1a5e9/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V17/V17_881.xml
|genus=Pedicularis
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Orobanchaceae]]