View source for Echinomastus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Echinomastus
|accepted_authority=Britton & Rose
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Cact.
|place=3: 147, figs. 154–158. 1922
|year=1922
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Cactaceae;Cactaceae subfam. Cactoideae;Echinomastus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Cactaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Cactaceae subfam. Cactoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Echinomastus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek echinos, hedgehog, and masto, breast, referring to the spiny tubercles
|volume=Volume 4
|mention_page=page 98, 99
|treatment_page=page 192
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="plant orientation;plant architecture;plant location"><b>Plants </b>erect, usually unbranched, not deep-seated in substrate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="root density"><b>Roots </b>diffuse.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem architecture;stem coloration;stem shape;stem shape;stem height or length or size;stem shape;stem atypical length;stem length;stem width;stem pubescence"><b>Stem </b>unsegmented, green, spheric or ovoid to short cylindric, 3–20 (–38) × 2–12 cm, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="rib count;crest shape;crest shape;crest fusion;portion reproduction;adaxial portion height or length or size;adaxial portion arrangement;spine arrangement;spine arrangement;groove width;groove prominence;groove prominence">ribs 13–21, crests deeply notched and usually evidently or prominently divided into tubercles, with fertile portion as short adaxial prolongation confluent with spine cluster or connected to spine cluster by very broad groove, grooves obliterated or obscured by development of flowers;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="areolar gland count;areolar gland count;species geographical terms;species habitat">areolar glands absent or present in Sonoran Desert species;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="cortex texture;cortex texture;cortex coating;pith coating">cortex hard or firm, cortex and pith mucilaginous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="spine count"><b>Spines </b>12–30 per areole, partially or entirely hiding stem surfaces;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="spine arrangement;spine count;spine course;spine course;spine some measurement">radial spines 9–26 per areole, straight or curved, 3–37 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="central spine atypical count;central spine count;central spine course;central spine course;central spine shape">central spines (0–) 1–9 per areole (central spines of immature plants absent in some species), straight or curved, not hooked [or rarely so in E. unguispinus of Mexico].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower duration;flower shape;flower shape;flower length;flower width;areolar height or length or size;groove height or length or size"><b>Flowers </b>diurnal, near stem apex, from adaxial ends of short areolar grooves, occupying and greatly distorting most of groove, campanulate or funnelform, 2–7.4 × 2–7.4 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="outer tepal margin shape;outer tepal margin shape">outer tepal margins entire or undulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="inner tepal coloration;inner tepal coloration">inner tepals white or colorful;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="ovary architecture or pubescence;ovary architecture">ovary scaly, spineless;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="scale count;scale width;margin texture;axil architecture">scales 1–20 (–34 in some E. johnsonii), broad, margins scarious, axils naked (or minutely hairy in E. johnsonii);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="stigma lobe coloration;stigma lobe coloration;stigma lobe coloration;stigma lobe coloration;stigma lobe coloration">stigma lobes red, brown, or green (yellowish white).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="fruit dehiscence;fruit dehiscence;fruit coloration;fruit coloration;fruit coloration;fruit coloration;fruit coloration;fruit coloration;fruit coloration;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit length;fruit width;fruit texture;fruit condition;fruit architecture or pubescence;fruit pubescence;fruit architecture"><b>Fruits </b>indehiscent or splitting longitudinally (only circumscissile near base in E. intertextus), green, brown, or dull pink, spheric to ellipsoid-cylindric, 6–20 × 5–15 mm, scarcely succulent, quickly drying, scaly, hairless, spineless;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="scale atypical count;scale count;scale width;scale texture">scales 1–20 (–34), broad, scarious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="pulp coloration">pulp colorless;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="floral remnant duration">floral remnant persistent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed coloration;seed coloration;seed shape;seed shape;seed some measurement"><b>Seeds </b>black or nearly so, spheric or hemispheric, 1.8–2.5 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="">testa cells strongly convex.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="testa cell shape;x chromosome count">x = 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Arid regions;sw United States;Mexico.
|discussion=<p>Species 5–9 (5 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Two phylogenetic studies of chloroplast DNA sequenced (J. M. Porter et al. 2000; R. Nyffeler 2002) support the conclusion that Echinomastus is the genus most closely related to Sclerocactus. Athough morphologically cohesive, Echinomastus is inferred to be a paraphyletic group, with some species (i.e., E. johnsonii) more closely related to Sclerocactus than to other members of Echinomastus. Further studies will be required to determine whether those genera should be combined under a broader circumscription of Sclerocatus.</p><!--
--><p>Without explanation, L. D. Benson (1982) erroneously extended the name Neolloydia to this group of cacti, which is not closely related to Neolloydia.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=anderson1986a
|text=Anderson, E. F. 1986. A revision of the genus Neolloydia B. & R. (Cactaceae). Bradleya 4: 1–28.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=glass1975a
|text=Glass, C. and R. A. Foster. 1975. The genus Echinomastus in the Chihuahuan Desert. Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 47: 218–223.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Areolar glands present, especially on areoles associated with flowers and fruits; flowers 3.6-6.5 cm
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Areolar glands absent; flowers 2.2-3(-3.8) cm
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Central spines 4-9 per areole, present on immature and mature plants; porrect abaxial central spine always conspicuous; stigma lobes yellowish white to green; inner tepals pale yellow or bright pink or purple; w Arizona, California, Nevada, sw Utah
|[[Echinomastus johnsonii|Echinomastus johnsonii]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Central spines 1-3(-4) per areole, absent from sexually immature plants (except var. acunensis); porrect abaxial central spine absent (sporadic in var. acunensis); stigma lobes red or red covered with green papillae, thus appearing brownish green; inner tepals whitish to bright rose-pink or lavender; sc and se Arizona
|[[Echinomastus erectocentrus|Echinomastus erectocentrus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Stigma lobes red or pink; fruits dehiscent by gaping basal pore; Arizona to Texas
|[[Echinomastus intertextus|Echinomastus intertextus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Stigma lobes yellow-green to green; fruits indehiscent or disintegrating irregularly; Texas
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Radial spines 19-26 per areole; abaxial (shortest) radial spine 3-7 mm; ribs usually 21
|[[Echinomastus mariposensis|Echinomastus mariposensis]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Radial spines 11-17 per areole; abaxial (shortest) radial spine 8-13 mm; ribs usually 13
|[[Echinomastus warnockii|Echinomastus warnockii]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Echinomastus
|author=Allan D. Zimmerman;Bruce D. Parfitt
|authority=Britton & Rose
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Cactaceae
|distribution=Arid regions;sw United States;Mexico.
|reference=anderson1986a;glass1975a
|publication title=Cact.
|publication year=1922
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V4/V4_361.xml
|subfamily=Cactaceae subfam. Cactoideae
|genus=Echinomastus
|adaxial portion arrangement=confluent
|adaxial portion height or length or size=short
|areolar gland count=present;absent
|areolar height or length or size=short
|axil architecture=naked
|central spine atypical count=0;1
|central spine count=1;9
|central spine course=curved;straight
|central spine shape=not hooked
|cortex coating=mucilaginous
|cortex texture=firm;hard
|crest fusion=connected
|crest shape=divided;notched
|floral remnant duration=persistent
|flower duration=diurnal
|flower length=2cm;7.4cm
|flower shape=funnelform;campanulate
|flower width=2cm;7.4cm
|fruit architecture=spineless
|fruit architecture or pubescence=scaly
|fruit coloration=pink;dull;brown;pink;dull;brown;green
|fruit condition=drying
|fruit dehiscence=splitting;indehiscent
|fruit length=6mm;20mm
|fruit pubescence=hairless
|fruit shape=spheric;ellipsoid-cylindric
|fruit texture=succulent
|fruit width=5mm;15mm
|groove height or length or size=short
|groove prominence=obscured;obliterated
|groove width=broad
|inner tepal coloration=colorful;white
|margin texture=scarious
|outer tepal margin shape=undulate;entire
|ovary architecture=spineless
|ovary architecture or pubescence=scaly
|pith coating=mucilaginous
|plant architecture=unbranched
|plant location=not deep-seated
|plant orientation=erect
|portion reproduction=fertile
|pulp coloration=colorless
|rib count=13;21
|root density=diffuse
|scale atypical count=20;34
|scale count=1;20
|scale texture=scarious
|scale width=broad;broad
|seed coloration=nearly;black
|seed shape=hemispheric;spheric
|seed some measurement=1.8mm;2.5mm
|species geographical terms=sonoran
|species habitat=desert
|spine arrangement=radial;cluster;cluster
|spine count=9;26
|spine course=curved;straight
|spine some measurement=3mm;37mm
|stem architecture=unsegmented
|stem atypical length=20cm;38cm
|stem coloration=green
|stem height or length or size=short
|stem length=3cm;20cm
|stem pubescence=glabrous
|stem shape=cylindric;ovoid;spheric
|stem width=2cm;12cm
|stigma lobe coloration=green;brown;green;brown;red
|testa cell shape=convex
|x chromosome count=11
}}<!--

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