View source for Cannabis sativa

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Cannabis sativa
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 1027. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Hemp;marihuana (marijuana);pot;grass;maryjane; chanvre;cannabis
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Selected by author to be illustrated
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=W
|label=Weedy
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=I
|label=Introduced
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Cannabaceae;Cannabis;Cannabis sativa
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Cannabaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Cannabis]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Cannabis sativa]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 3
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Staminate </b>plants usually taller, less robust than pistillate plants. <b>Stems</b> 0.2-6 m. <b>Leaves</b>: petioles 2-7 cm. <b>Leaflet</b> blades mostly 3-9, linear to linear-lanceolate, 3-15 ×\ 0.2-1.7 cm, margins coarsely serrate; surfaces abaxially whitish green with scattered, yellowish brown, resinous dots, strigose, adaxially darker green with large, stiff, bulbous-based conic hairs. <b>Inflorescences</b> numerous. <b>Flowers</b> unisexual, often transitional flowers and flowers of opposite sex developing later. <b>Staminate</b> flowers: pedicels 0.5-3 mm; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm, puberulent; stamens caducous after anthesis, somewhat shorter than sepals; filaments 0.5-1 mm. <b>Pistillate</b> flowers ± sessile, enclosed by glandular, beaked bracteole and subtended by bract; perianth appressed to and surrounding base of ovary. <b>Achenes</b> white or greenish, mottled with purple, ovoid, somewhat compressed, 2-5 mm, with ± persistent perianth that sometimes flakes off. <b>2n</b> = 20.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering early summer–fall; staminate plants generally dying after anthesis, pistillate plants remaining dark green, persisting until frost.
|habitat=Well-manured, moist farmyards, and in open habitats, waste places (roadsides, railways, vacant lots), occasionally in fallow fields and open woods
|elevation=0-2000 m
|distribution=principal naturalized range (see map) Ont.;Que.;Ark.;Conn.;Del.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Nebr.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Pa.;R.I.;S.Dak.;Vt.;Va.;W.Va.;Wis.;native to Asia.
|discussion=<p><i>Cannabis sativa</i> has been reported as cultivated illegally and as apparently ruderal in all provinces and states except Alaska. It has been collected least frequently in Mississippi and Idaho. It seems to be best established in the prairies and plains of central North America.</p><!--
--><p>Hemp is a short-day plant; flowering depends upon the latitude of origin. Races originating closer to the equator (and generally higher in psychointoxicant) require a longer induction period for flowering than races originating farther north.</p><!--
--><p>The taxonomy of <i>Cannabis sativa</i>, a polymorphic species, has been debated in scientific and legal forums. The name <i>C. sativa</i> subsp. indica (Lamarck) E. Small & Cronquist has been applied to plants with a mean leaf content of the psychotomimetic (hallucinatory) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol of at least 0.3%; those with a lesser content fall under <i>C. sativa</i> <i></i></i>subsp.<i><i> sativa</i>. When separate species are recognized, the name <i>C. indica</i> Lamarck has generally been applied to variants with high levels of the intoxicant chemical, whereas the name <i>C. sativa</i> Linnaeus, interpreted in a restricted sense, has generally been applied to plants selected for their yield of bast fibers in the stems. (The latter generally have taller, hollow stems with longer internodes and less branching than races selected for drug content.)</p><!--
--><p>Superimposed on this dimension of variation is selection for nonabscising achenes in cultivation and abscising achenes in the wild (i.e., outside of cultivation). This is analagous to selection of nonshattering cereals from wild, shattering grasses. Achenes selected for cultivation tend to be longer than 3.8 mm and lack a basal constricted zone; by contrast, achenes selected for wild existence tend to be shorter than 3.8 mm and to have a basal constricted zone that seems to facilitate disarticulation and a mottled, persistent perianth apparently serving as camouflage.</p><!--
--><p>Within <i>Cannabis sativa</i> <i></i></i>subsp.<i><i> sativa</i>, the wild phase has been named <i>C. sativa</i> var. spontanea Vavilov (= C. ruderalis Janishevsky), in contrast to the domesticated <i>C. sativa</i> var. sativa. Within <i>C. sativa</i> subsp. indica, the wild phase (not to be expected in North America) has been designated <i>C. sativa</i> var. kafiristanica (Vavilov) E. Small & Cronquist, as distinct from the domesticated <i>C. sativa</i> <i></i></i>var.<i><i> indica</i>. The chemical and morphologic distinctions by which <i>Cannabis</i> has been split into taxa are often not readily discernible, appear to be environmentally modifiable, and vary in a continuous fashion. For most purposes it will suffice to apply the name <i>Cannabis sativa</i> to all plants encountered in North America.*</p><!--
--><p>The Iroquois used <i>Cannabis sativa</i> medicinally to convince patients that they had recovered. They also found it useful as a stimulant (D. E. Moerman 1986).</p>
|tables=
|references=
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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Cannabis sativa
|author=
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Cannabaceae
|phenology=Flowering early summer–fall; staminate plants generally dying after anthesis, pistillate plants remaining dark green, persisting until frost.
|habitat=Well-manured, moist farmyards, and in open habitats, waste places (roadsides, railways, vacant lots), occasionally in fallow fields and open woods
|elevation=0-2000 m
|distribution=principal naturalized range (see map) Ont.;Que.;Ark.;Conn.;Del.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Nebr.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Pa.;R.I.;S.Dak.;Vt.;Va.;W.Va.;Wis.;native to Asia.
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=Selected by author to be illustrated;Weedy;Introduced
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f6b125a955440c0872999024f038d74684f65921/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V3/V3_651.xml
|genus=Cannabis
|species=Cannabis sativa
}}<!--

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